Unknown duplicators

The following is a list of unknown duplicators. Once a duplicator in this list is identified, it should be removed from the list and a page should be created for it.

Duplicator numbers marked * are known to be Macrovision customers.

Duplicator #1

List of Known Customers

Montgomery Ward (one known copy of Rudolph: Lessons for Life)

How to Tell

One known copy of Rudolph: Lessons for Life duplicated by this company had dark printings in the following format: 10962138 29572 RUDOLPHS LESSONS.
Said tape also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end.

An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #2

List of Known Customers

Columbia TriStar Home Video (1994) (as confirmed by one copy of a Really Wild Animals screening cassette)

How to Tell

One known copy of a Really Wild Animals screening cassette from this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being formatted like this for example:

PAL-200 MMM 17:25 04/25/94

T-140

Said tape has shuffling color bars at the end.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #3

List of Known Customers

Disney Institute (1997)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had printings (e.g. 4457-5 IP).

Possible Candidates

Tapes Unlimited, Inc.

Duplicator #4

List of Known Customers

Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
Green Frog Productions, Ltd.
OGR Publishing
Palm Pictures (2004) (one known copy of Demonlover)
TBD, but it was the distributor of First Fun with French in North America

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were formatted like the following examples:

Example 1:

PT-45 EMT/HG 306 A102 0627 P.B.

Example 2:

T-120 SG/TO-NS A102 0624 P.B.

Example 3:

PT-75 BASF/HG 195 A100 0721 P.B.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #5

List of Known Customers

Marathon Music & Video

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. 40 99).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #6

List of Known Customers

Bob Ross Inc.

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-120 B/SHG 0285 C A298 0828 H.E).

Possible Candidates

Media Associates Inc.

Duplicator #7

List of Known Customers

Children's Video of America, Inc.
Family Films, Ltd.
Shimano (one known copy of Shimano's 1991 New Product Video)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 48).
Much like most tapes by Cassette Productions, one known copy of Treasure Island by this duplicator also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end, accompanied by a rumbling sound in the linear track.

Possible Candidates

Cassette Duplicators Incorporated

Duplicator #8

List of Known Customers

Crash Cinema
Polartec

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:

10607

2400733

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #9

List of Known Customers

Verizon (2001)
WGBH (1996)

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:

HSV

T-30

Possible Candidates

Coptech Digital

Duplicator #10

List of Known Customers

Gaiam (2001)
Wet Cement Productions Inc. (2001) (some copies of Ewe Know: Do EWE Sing?)
World Wide Pictures Home Video

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. ZAMPERINI 889088).

An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like. Please note it may be a bit hard to see in this image.
On one known copy of Gaiam: Pilates Bodyband Workout by this duplicator, the VBI code looked something like this.

Possible Candidates

Allied Vaughn

Duplicator #11*

List of Known Customers

AIMS Multimedia
Lightning Dubbs

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being formatted like this for example:

T-30 SI JUN 06 02 04 : 45 M A D E I N U S A

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #12

List of Known Customers

A&M Video
Major League Baseball Home Video (1988)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white or purple upside-down printings above the recording tab (e.g. 5x47).
Some other tapes by this duplicator also had dark printings on the left side of the tape (e.g. 170717).
Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #13*

List of Known Customers

Wide-Eyed Learning (2003)

How to Tell

One known copy of The Treasure Chest: Toys & Signs from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 34).
One known copy of The Treasure Chest: Toys & Signs from this duplicator had a silent white screen test pattern at the end after several seconds of black screen, followed by some more black screen.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #14

List of Known Customers

Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999)

How to Tell

One known tape from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. T29 2).
Said tape also had a silent white screen test pattern for a split second at the end.
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #15

List of Known Customers

Baby Playtime, Inc. (2000)
Chair Dancing International, Inc.
EKA Productions (1997)
Virgin Records America (2001)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like the following examples:

Example 1:

T31G0M

Example 2:

T21SAIM

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #16

List of Known Customers

Acorn Media (2004)
Family Home Entertainment (2000) (some copies of Baby Shakespeare)
Showtime Entertainment (2004)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink, like in the examples shown in the below pictures.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #17

List of Known Customers

Velocity Home Entertainment (2003)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed in white ink, like in the example shown in the below picture.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #18*

List of Known Customers

Paramount Home Video (1990)

How to Tell

One known copy of the 1990 pressing of Top Gun duplicated by this company had information etched onto the tape guard, like this for example:

PAR

78

This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #19

List of Known Customers

MCA/Universal Home Video (screener copies)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings beneath the face label, like the following examples:

Example 1:

TAGGET

018599 01 0864

Example 2:

PURE LUCK

020664 03 0621

Possible Candidates

Pioneer Video Manufacturing

Duplicator #20

List of Known Customers

American Home Treasures (Canada)
Cloud Ten Pictures (Canada)
kaBOOM! Entertainment Inc. (2001)
Sony Wonder (Canada) (2000, 2005)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:

HQ

T-40 3103032255 4

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #21

List of Known Customers

Paulist Press
Voltage Video

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company did not have any form of printing on the cassette, although some tapes were duplicated on cassettes manufactured by Fujifilm.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #22

List of Known Customers

GPN

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:

EMTEC 20780080

T-30

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #23

List of Known Customers

KCTS Television

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette, nor do they have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Some tapes duplicated by this company may have the master visibly stopping at the end, followed by black screen.

Possible Candidates

Premiere America Inc.

Duplicator #24

List of Known Customers

Karen Pryor Clicker Training

How to Tell

One known copy of Puppy Love: Raise Your Dog the Clicker Way from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-35 SG 693C C105 0727 H.M.).
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval, but it did have a blue screen with "L-1" in the top left corner at the end.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #25

List of Known Customers

The Bridgestone Group (1988)
Multnomah Productions (1991)
Omega Entertainment (1986)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. BS 040621).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #26

List of Known Customers

Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (2004-2005) (demo tapes)
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (2005-2006) (demo tapes)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (sometimes with "3M" in the printings), like in the examples shown in the below pictures.

Some tapes from this duplicator also had a silent white screen test pattern at the end.
Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation

Duplicator #27

List of Known Customers

Englewood Entertainment (1999)
FUNimation Productions Inc. (2000)
GPN
KRMA-TV Denver Six
VCI Home Video (2000, 2006)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had seven numbers engraved above the recording tab spot. Take a look at the following examples:

Example 1:

4351090

Example 2:

6038115

One tape by this duplicator has also been known to have a silent white screen test pattern at the end.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #28

List of Known Customers

Oregon Public Broadcasting (1997)
Palmer/Pletsch
SyndHonda Cinema Productions (2002)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had a two digit number printed in dark ink above the recording tab spot (e.g. 65), possibly indicating tape length.
Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Northwestern Inc.

Duplicator #29

List of Known Customers

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (2001)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had yellow printings on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. 10336).

One tape by this duplicator was known to have the static roll of death at the end.

This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Osborn Video, Orem, Utah

Duplicator #30

List of Known Customers

Barron's Home Video
General Mills (1995) ("Best Of" Seinfeld 100th Episode)
Pearson Prentice Hall (some copies of World History Video Program series)
Peter Pan Industries (1990s)
- Parade Video (1990s)
Random House Home Video (The Berenstain Bears videos sponsored by Long John Silver's)
Sony Music Entertainment (1996-1998)
Small Fry Productions
Weston Woods (1996)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the right side of the tape shell, like the following examples:

Example 1:

5324 1

Example 2:

286065

Example 3:

2 6061

Example 4:

6078

Example 5:

26087

Example 6:

1J7370

Example 7:

3B 552

Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #31

List of Known Customers

Republic Pictures Home Video (1993) (some copies of Playroom)
Warner Home Video (1994) (some copies of Dracula: A.D. 1972)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a white or yellow sticker with information, a print date, and a barcode on it. The information and print date were formatted like this for example:

DRACULA A.D. (1972) WHV

0285337 V25100

09/29/94 S-3 P-X

113-01-7

Possible Candidates

Technicolor Video Services

Duplicator #32

List of Known Customers

FUNimation Entertainment (2004) (one known copy of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret Origins)

How to Tell

One known copy of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret Origins by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. 10 06).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #33

List of Known Customers

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK)
Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (UK) (2002-2004)
MGM Home Entertainment (UK)
Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2002)
Reader's Digest (UK)
Universal Pictures (UK) (2002-2004)
Video Collection International (UK) (2003)
Walt Disney Home Video (Saudi Arabia) (2000-2003)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white or dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:

2062737 E128 ICE AGE (RETAIL) 10373880

AL3 2909

Some tapes by this duplicator also had five DTMF tones at the beginning of the tape, which sound similar to the DTMF tones used by Technicolor in Livonia, Michigan.

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #34

List of Known Customers

Magnum Entertainment

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had an orange sticker next to the recording tab spot, which had some numbers on it (e.g. 114329).

Several tapes by this duplicator also had a few numbers printed in white or dark ink on the bottom middle side, like the following examples:

Example 1:

1 60

Example 2:

6 105

Example 3:

90

Possible Candidates

VCA Pictures

Duplicator #35

List of Known Customers

GPN

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings on the bottom middle side or the tape guard (e.g. T30 93342).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #36

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (Mexico) (1996)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings, which were formatted like this for example:

01A1504 ALICIA EN EL PAIS DE LAS

T-080 27/02/96 02 0299 B MARAVILLAS

Possible Candidates

Central de Video

Duplicator #37

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Entertainment (Greece) (2002)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:

105 AVE 2848

1385 2A

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #38

List of Known Customers

CIC Video (UK) (1988)
Warner Home Video (UK) (1990)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings (e.g. E105 0202 CL1 BATTERIES NOT INCLUDED).

Possible Candidates

Rank Video Services

Duplicator #39

List of Known Customers

MGM/UA Home Video (France) (1998)
Universal Pictures (France) (2001)
Warner Home Video (France) (2000)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:

E132 557998 4 E 023 5P926

23H41

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #40

List of Known Customers

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Belgium) (2002)
Columbia TriStar Home Video (Germany) (2002)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a barcode sticker on the tape guard. This barcode had 16 numbers. Below it, there was information (e.g. E83/E94/C/271202 3 02).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #41

List of Known Customers

U.S. Renditions (1990-1994)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the spine, with a tape length (e.g. "T60", seen on any program duplicated on 60-minute tape) above the recording tab; not much is known about the printings on the spine as of yet, though one appears to be a date code (e.g. "081391", taken from a copy of Appleseed), and another, to its right, is a time code (e.g. "02:43", taken from a copy of Outlanders).
Some tapes up to around 1992 did not have any printings at all.

Possible Candidates

Crest Cassette Corporation

Duplicator #42*

List of Known Customers

MCA/Universal Home Video (1994) (some copies of Beethoven's 2nd)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had information etched onto the right side of the tape shell (e.g. MCA-423-22837).

This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
This is what the VBI on tapes from this company was like, with the Macrovision signal in it.

Possible Candidates

Premiere Video

Duplicator #43

List of Known Customers

Campus Crusade for Christ International
Sit and Be Fit

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had information in the vertical blanking interval, like the following examples:

Example 1:

WAC 3105

Example 2:

WAC 3001

An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #44

List of Known Customers

Blockbuster Video (1995) (some copies of Victor Borge's Funniest Moments)
Bullfrog Films (1995) (one known copy of Billion Dollar Crop)
Children's Circle
CVM (1996)
Four Seasons Productions (2002) (one known copy of Quest for the Grail)
GMG Productions (2000)
VideoTours (one known copy of San Diego Zoo)
Weston Woods (1998)

How to Tell

Most tapes duplicated by this company had a sticker on the right side of the tape shell, with information on it like the following examples:

Example 1:

M5G9860

Example 2:

16F6872

Some early tapes also had a number stamped in dark ink above the recording tab spot.
Several later tapes had white printings like the following examples:

Example 1:

T40-A

Example 2:

T30 BC

On one known copy of Billion Dollar Crop by this duplicator, the printings are repeated on the right-hand side of bottom middle side.
One known copy of Victor Borge's Funniest Moments by this duplicator, however, did not have any of these credentials, but still had the vertical blanking interval code format mentioned below.
At the beginning and end of tapes by this duplicator, there was also a date in the vertical blanking interval, accompanied by a clock. The information was formatted like the following examples:

Example 1:

8·04·91 [clock]

Example 2:

0·07·00 [clock]

Example 3:

2·17· [clock]

Example 4:

10·30·90 [clock]

An example of what the printings on early tapes by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the printings on later tapes by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the sticker on most tapes by this duplicator looked like. The color of the sticker varied by tape; this picture shows a light blue sticker.
An example of what the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Another example of this duplicator's VBI code.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #45

List of Known Customers

Zondervan Video (1992)

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
At the beginning and end of tapes duplicated by this company, there were four two-digit numbers in the vertical blanking interval, which were separated by colons (e.g. 36:35:45:13).

An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #46

List of Known Customers

Chariot Video/David C. Cook Publishing Co.

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot, as well as a set of eight numbers printed in white on the back of the tape shell (e.g. 40040211).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #47

List of Known Customers

Braveworld Ltd. (UK) (1992)
Castle Home Video (UK) (1999)
Cinema Club (UK) (2002)
Clear Vision Video (UK) (1995-2004)
Contender Entertainment Group (UK) (2002-2003)
Cromwell Productions Limited (UK) (2000)
DD Video (UK)
Feature Films for Families (UK)
Fremantle Media (UK) (2002)
ILC (UK)
IVC Video Inc. (UK)
Karussell (UK) (1996)
Lace International Limited (UK) (1998)
Maximum Entertainment (UK) (2004)
Medusa Pictures (UK) (2002)
M.I.A. Video (UK)
Odyssey Video (UK) (2001)
Pickwick Video (UK) (1992)
PT Video (UK) (2000-2001)
The Singing Machine (1993)
Star Video Interactive Entertainment Ltd. (UK) (1997)
Televideo (UK) (1997)
Telstar Video Entertainment (UK) (1994)
Tempo Video
Tring Video (UK) (1995)
Video Collection International (UK) (1999-2002)
Warner Music Vision (UK) (1999)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a sticker with a date (or batch number in the case of some tapes), "VDC" and a job number. The color of the sticker varied by tape.

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a batch number. This picture shows an orange sticker.
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a date. This picture shows a green sticker.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #48

List of Known Customers

RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (UK) (1991)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had printings (e.g. E108 RVS/R A0803 LL).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #49

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of Flubber)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had white printings (e.g. FLUBBER BV 232 W/O BVH 630838).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #50

List of Known Customers

Warner Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of L.A. Confidential)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a print date, with the printings being formatted like this for example:

                  02/11/98

WHV LA CONFIDENTIAL W/O W592851 R/T 142.11

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #51

List of Known Customers

Hanna-Barbera Home Video (1990) (some copies of Hanna-Barbera Command Performance videos, and some others)
The Maier Group (1990) (Inspector Gadget videos)
National Geographic Society (1990)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
Tapes by this duplicator had a number on the left-hand side of the vertical blanking interval at the beginning of the tape (e.g. 02).

An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Possible Candidates

Allied Film & Video

Duplicator #52

List of Known Customers

MGM/UA Home Video

How to Tell

One known copy of The Secret of NIMH by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. T-88 E14799-8719).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #53

List of Known Customers

National Geographic (2008) (one known copy of Odzala: Islands in the Forest)

How to Tell

On one known copy of Odzala: Islands in the Forest by this company, the only form of printing was the tape length, which was printed in white above the recording tab spot.

The VBI code on said copy of Odzala: Islands in the Forest by this company looked something like this.

Possible Candidates

Allied Vaughn

Duplicator #54

List of Known Customers

Interglobal Home Video

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. T40USM AYMSRPM DHG-U-CMI1).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #55

List of Known Customers

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
CIC (UK) (1999)
Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
Pathé (1998)

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had white printings between an inked barcode, like these two examples:

Example 1:

10015807 [barcode]E83 DL4 2308 10015807

               RUGRATS - THE MOVIE

Example 2:

20049360 [barcode]E92 RUGRATS IN PARIS MOVIE 2 10232431

BL4 1708

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #56

List of Known Customers

Green Frog Productions, Ltd.

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-75 ILYA FUJI 1).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #57

List of Known Customers

Play Along (2002-2004)

How to Tell

The only form of printing on tapes by this duplicator was PA, printed in white on the back of the cassette shell.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #58

List of Known Customers

The Baby Einstein Company (1999) (one known pressing of Baby Bach)
Paramount Home Video (one known Columbia House Video Club pressing of Forrest Gump)
PolyGram Video (1998) (one known pressing of The Gingerbread Man)
Tai Seng Video Marketing (1999) (one known pressing of First Option)

How to Tell

Look at the following pictures to see examples of what tapes by this duplicator had in the VBI at the beginning:

Possible Candidates

Allied Digital Technologies

Duplicator #59

List of Known Customers

Hemdale Home Video
International Music Distributors (1996)
Substance (1996)

How to Tell

Tapes by this duplicator had a print date, with the printings being formatted like the following examples:

Example 1:

12/12/95 09:54 T100 2GS

Example 2:

12/08/96 20:09 T110 2AA

Example 3:

12/05/97 11:36 T85 1 SKC

One known tape by this duplicator has the recording tab intact.

An example of what print dates and the overall printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #60

List of Known Customers

Advanced Hunting Equipment (1992) (some copies of Tree-Lounge Trophies)

How to Tell

Some Advanced Hunting Equipment tapes by this duplicator say "FCV" in the bottom right corner of the label.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #61

List of Known Customers

A.D. Vision (1994) (some copies of Guy: Double Target)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had printings like these for example:

T-75    [1]    MAY,24.94        MADE IN U.S.A.
                   11:15

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #62

List of Known Customers

AnimEigo (1994) (some copies of MADOX-01 and Riding Bean)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had upside-down printings (e.g. U51S94WO34734).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #63

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney World (2003)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had dark printings like these for example:

MGR MAGIC 4PK

050404 0303 19116

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #64

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had dark printings (e.g. E101 DER KÖNIG DER LÖWEN 79163).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #65

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had dark printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

85 644E

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #66

List of Known Customers

Cabin Fever Entertainment (1989)
MGM/UA Home Video (1990) (One known copy of a screener copy of Back to Back)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the bottom middle side. This sticker had black text like this for example:

042056.001    104709
  HANK WILLIAMS JR.:
   FULL ACCESS
 3878  08-25-89

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #67

List of Known Customers

Brentwood Music
- Brentwood Kids
Home Sweet Home Educational Media Co.
- Toddler Television Video
Quality Video

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. B 19568).

Some tapes by this duplicator also had the tape speed (e.g. SP) stamped in white on the side of the tape guard.
Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #68

List of Known Customers

Crest (2000) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a dark ink stamp above the recording tab spot, which consists of text in a circle (e.g. DP010).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #69

List of Known Customers

Crest (1993) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot like this for example:

MCNERNEY

9382-1

Duplicator #70

List of Known Customers

Just Your Pal (1998)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. HS T-30 2618).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #71

List of Known Customers

A Couple 'A Cowboys (1991)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. T-47 27041X).

Next to the white printings, there was also a set of sideways dark printings like these for example:

CHIEF

8192

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #72

List of Known Customers

Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1990-1991)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a number printed in white on the bottom middle side (e.g. 65 or 75), possibly indicating tape length.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #73

List of Known Customers

Home Sweet Home Educational Media Co. (1988)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the side of the tape shell. This sticker had black text like this for example:

36851#2

FOREVER FRIENDS

#04769

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #74

List of Known Customers

BBC Video (UK) (1989)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a sticker with information printed like this for example:

P11 28786

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like. This picture shows a green sticker.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #75

List of Known Customers

The Video Collection (UK) (1992)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:

2735

43257

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #76

List of Known Customers

Thames Video Collection (UK) (1989)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had an orange sticker with information (e.g. 0893.Gk).

Some tapes by this duplicator also had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. 6 60).

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #77

List of Known Customers

VCI (UK)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:

X20·03·01

131543

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #78

List of Known Customers

Stylus Video (UK) (1990)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information (e.g. D123910).

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #79

List of Known Customers

Reader's Digest Video (UK)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had dark printings (e.g. E40 H S DV87-346/3 001200I 0759242).

An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #80

List of Known Customers

Video Artists International

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had a white sticker on the left side of the tape shell, and said sticker had information printed like this for example:

TRUMPET KG

19941

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #81

List of Known Customers

Interactive Learning Group (1999)
- Video Buddy (1999)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had printings above the recording tab spot or the bottom middle side (e.g. 2192).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #82

List of Known Customers

Cinéma Plus International

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. K1022).

Tapes by this duplicator also had white printings on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. CP 1313).

Tapes by this duplicator also had a sticker on the tape guard with numbers on it (e.g. 19253).

An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the side printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #83

List of Known Customers

Inside Country Music (1990)

How to Tell

One known tape by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. T105 EG23A09002D 08 : 44 #53972).

One known tape by this duplicator also had a white stamping on the left side of the tape, like the example in the picture below next to a picture of the example of the dark printings.

An example of what the dark printings on one known tape by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the white stamping on one known tape by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #84

List of Known Customers

Nancy's Notions, Ltd. (1996, 1999)

How to Tell

Tapes by this company had the tape length printed in gold above the recording tab spot.
One copy of Sewing with Nancy: Suede - Ultra Fun to Sew by this duplicator has been known to have shuffling color bars at the end.
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #85

This information could possibly apply to more than one duplicator. A few possible duplicator candidates are listed below.

List of Known Customers

Price/Stern/Sloan (1987-1989)
Valley of the Sun Video (1987)

How to Tell

The only form of printing on tapes here is above the recording tab spot, where white printings appeared like the following examples:

Example 1:

T-30

TL88178

Example 2:

T-60

TL871193

Example 3:

T-65

L25445-1

Example 4:

T-60

TL870167

Two known tapes by this duplicator did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Custom Duplication Incorporated

Duplicator #86

List of Known Customers

Trinity Broadcasting Network

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab, like these for example:

T-95

19968

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #87*

List of Known Customers

Public Media Home Vision (1995)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark or white printings on the left side of the tape shell (e.g. #3 55).

Tapes duplicated by this company also had a white sticker on the tape guard, with information printed on it like the following examples:

Example 1:

HERMITAGE PT. 1 1364002

Example 2:

HERMITAGE PT. 2 1364008

Example 1:

HERMITAGE PT. 3 1364014

An example of what the white printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
An example of what the white sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

PVS Corporate Services

Duplicator #88

List of Known Customers

Lannan Foundation (1994)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. NV-60MV 02067).

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #89

List of Known Customers

The Right Stuf International (1998)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

T-75

175

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #90

List of Known Customers

MNTEX Entertainment (1991)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. MXE5660 3-0714).

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #91

List of Known Customers

MNTEX Entertainment

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. CE 6103).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #92

List of Known Customers

Simitar Entertainment (1994)

How to Tell

One known copy of Vampires Volume 1 duplicated here had upside-down white printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. PT 22195).

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Precision Tapes

Duplicator #93

List of Known Customers

METACOM (1992)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had a blue sticker under the face label, which had information like this for example (the top appears to have been cut off due to the printing being shifted higher than standard):

1515 SP 11

CHRISTMAS CELE

481305 AU-TD

One copy of Pavarotti, Domingo & friends sing A Christmas Celebration by this duplicator has been known to have the white screen test pattern with a 1000hz tone at the end, followed by a few seconds of black screen before the tape ends.

An example of what the blue sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
On tapes by this duplicator, the BHCP codes were used in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #94

List of Known Customers

Simitar Entertainment

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had the tape speed (e.g. SP) enclosed in a circle, stamped in white on the side of the tape guard.

An example of what the white stamping on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #95

List of Known Customers

Embassy Home Entertainment (1986)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had upside-down text engraved on the left side of the tape shell (e.g. EHP 60712).

Possible Candidates

Premiere Video

Duplicator #96

List of Known Customers

Anchor Bay Entertainment (1999) (one known copy of One Magic Christmas)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had dark printings (e.g. 01-14-4091).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #97

List of Known Customers

Regal Home Video (1999)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. REGAL 0399).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #98

List of Known Customers

Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. ABE-AB1326).

Possible Candidates

QC Media Services

Duplicator #99

List of Known Customers

A.I.P. Home Video (1994)
Voyager Entertainment (1995)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the tape guard, with information printed on it like the following example:

STARBLAZERS VOL. 1

136 07/26/95

Possible Candidates

WRS Motion Picture & Video Laboratory

Duplicator #100

List of Known Customers

Tim Young Productions Inc. (1996)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had dark printings above the recording tab spot, like the following example:

63390812

11524000

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #101

List of Known Customers

BFS Video

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had white printings above the recording tab spot, like the following example:

S 120 KSB

8111051

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #102

List of Known Audio Customers

Walt Disney Records (CD; 1990s) (some copies of Sebastian From The Little Mermaid)

How to Tell for Audio Releases

Some copies of Sebastian From The Little Mermaid duplicated by this company had matrix printings on the front of the disc ring, usually beginning with the disc's catalog number, like these examples:

Example 1:

608112 L0929K A 1

Example 2:

608112 RE1 L0A25A A2

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #103

List of Known Customers

Encounter Video (1990)
Stoney-Wolf Video (1990)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a two-digit number printed in white above the recording tab spot (e.g. 30), possibly indicating tape length.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #104

List of Known Customers

CBS (1988) (Plan to Get Out Alive: Family Fire Safety Video)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had two white stickers on the bottom middle side, like the example in the picture below.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #105

List of Known Customers

Turner Broadcasting System (1996) (One known copy of the FYC screener tape of The Heidi Chronicles)

How to Tell

One known copy of the FYC screener tape of The Heidi Chronicles that was duplicated by this company had dark printings (e.g. 107961634 24001 V-98).

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Vaughn Communications Inc.

Duplicator #106

List of Known Customers

Malofilm Video

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

T-106

850EA370

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #107*

List of Known Customers

Eye Films and Video (1991)

How to Tell

One known tape by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. T70 EG64D07115D 12 : 13 #58871).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #108

List of Known Customers

Unknown (but it was the distributor of a Malcolm in the Middle "For Your Emmy Consideration" tape)

How to Tell

One known tape by this company had a number printed in dark ink on the right-hand side of the bottom middle side (e.g. 25).

One known tape by this company had something like this in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #109

List of Known Customers

Editions Montparnasse (1998)

How to Tell

One known copy of Louvre: The Visit by this company had dark printings (e.g. E-95 519403 B 285 5P926).
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #110

List of Known Customers

Nutmeg Media (2004)

How to Tell

One known copy of The Crab Man by this company had a number stamped in dark ink on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. 12).
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Bonneville Duplication

Duplicator #111

List of Known Customers

Hallway Entertainment & Distribution (1993) (one known copy of Willie Nelson: My Life)

How to Tell

One known copy of Willie Nelson: My Life duplicated by this company had dark printings, like these for example:

T-60 B1 A-345 F-1550

   09/07/93 01

Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval, but it did have a silent white screen test pattern at the end.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #112

List of Known Customers

PolyGram Music Video (1989)

How to Tell

One known copy of Paul McCartney: Put It There by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. T 65 C).
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like. It may be hard to see in this picture.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #113

List of Known Customers

Reader's Digest (1994)

How to Tell

One known copy of Peter Rabbit/Sam Whiskers by this duplicator had dark printings, which were formatted like this for instance:

CS-T47A T-47A

161-0731/3 10-30-94

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like. It may be hard to see in this picture.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #114

List of Known Customers

Children's Circle (1989)
Parade Video (1987-1989)

How to Tell

One known copy of The Maurice Sendak library by this duplicator had white printings on the right side of the cassette shell (e.g. 4 321).

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #115

List of Known Customers

CEL Home Video (Australia) (1987-1991)
RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (Australia) (1991)
Roadshow Home Video (Australia) (1988-1992)

How to Tell

Some tapes by this duplicator had a code in the bottom left corner at the beginning of the tape (e.g. RS1885).
Some tapes by this duplicator also had some text with a date printed over color bars accompanied by a 385hz or 1090hz tone at the end.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #116

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1985) (one known copy of Lots of Luck)

How to Tell

At the beginning of one known copy of Lots of Luck by this duplicator, the following text appeared in the top left corner:

REW DUPLICATION

JW 130685 H MNR

3771 B

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #117

List of Known Customers

Columbia TriStar Home Video (Australia) (1998-2001)
Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1995-1999)

How to Tell

At the end of some tapes by this duplicator, blue text appeared like the following examples:

Example 1:

W 874/875/876 V.

Example 2:

C 590 V.

Example 3:

DIS V 018/019 V.

SYD. 21/02/97.

Example 4:

F 775/776/

777/778 V.

Sometimes, a 1000hz tone was heard over this.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #118

List of Known Customers

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Australia) (1998-2005)
Madman Entertainment (Australia) (2001)
MGM Home Entertainment (Australia) (2000)
Miramax/Dimension Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (Australia) (1995-2006)
Touchstone Home Entertainment (Australia) (2004)
Walt Disney Home Entertainment (Australia) (1997-2005)

How to Tell

Some tapes by this duplicator had some text printed over color bars accompanied by a 1000hz tone at the end. Here are a few examples of how the text appeared on such tapes:

Example 1:

C466V/C467V

C468V/C469V

Example 2:

C447V/C448V

Example 3:

T496V/T497V

T498V/T469V

T500/V

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #119*

List of Known Customers

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Australia) (1997, 1998, 2000)
Buena Vista Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
Columbia TriStar Home Video (Australia) (1996, 1998, 2003)
Miramax Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
Roadshow Entertainment (Australia) (1998)
Touchstone Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
TV One (Australia) (2000)
VM Distribution (Australia) (2003)
Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1993, 1997, 2001)
Warner Home Video (Australia) (1993, 1999)

How to Tell

Some tapes by this duplicator had some text with information (including a date), usually printed over color bars, and usually accompanied by a 1000hz tone at the end. Here are a few examples of how the text appeared on such tapes:

Example 1:

Bringing Down The House

       Disney

Vt7

     R* 22847/1

  Bk's 1,3,7 & 8

      20/11/03

Example 2:

          Chicago

        VT3-BK3,4,7,8

        run 22178/4

          11/8/03

Example 3:

The

       Magic Princess

          VT5-Bk 8

          R*4897/1

          13/11/98

CTH

Example 4:

         Fern gully

fox

        Vt4 to Bk3,6,7 ,8

          Run:24070

           23/4/98

Example 5:

         DISNEY'S

     Beauty and the Beast:

      Enchanted Christmas

        Vt6- Bk 1,3,6,7 & 8

             R*21641

             28/10/97

Example 4:

         The Sound Of Music

FOX

D2

           Bnk's 1,3,6,7 & 8

                R*23255

                13/3/98

Example 5:

              TITANIC

D2

             Bk 2,3,6,7,8

                R*1045/12

                3/7/98

FOX

Some tapes lack the color bars and tone, with the text appearing over a black screen instead. Some others use the color bars, but no tone.

Sometimes, the title blinked.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #120

List of Known Customers

Chuck Snyder & Associates (1991)

How to Tell

Two known tapes by this duplicator had the number stamped in white above the recording tab, which was intact. There was no other form of printing on these tapes aside from this.
Said tapes had oversized reels.

The printing on tapes by this duplicator, these two being both volumes of The Stan Boreson Show: KING's Klubhouse.

Possible Candidates

Premiere America Inc.

Duplicator #121

List of Known Customers

Interactive VCR Games (1986) (some copies of the tape inside NFL: The VCR Quarterback Game)

How to Tell

Some copies of the tape for NFL: The VCR Quarterback Game by this duplicator had white printings on the bottom middle side, starting with INSPECTED, followed by three or four numbers.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #122

List of Known Customers

Magnolia Home Entertainment (2012) (some copies of V/H/S)

How to Tell

Some copies of V/H/S by this duplicator had white printings on the bottom middle side, like the example in the picture below.

In this picture, the printings may be hard to see, because of the angle in which the photo was taken.

Possible Candidates

Allied Vaughn

Duplicator #123

List of Known Customers

BPI, Inc. (1988)

How to Tell

Tapes from this duplicator had a white sticker on the tape guard which had a print date, and the information on it was formatted like this for example:

BRANDMEIR

0041839 00D001

11/20/88 - 3827

Possible Candidates

VCA-Teletronics

Duplicator #124

List of Known Customers

Simitar Entertainment (1994-1997)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had upside down white printings on the right side on the tape shell (e.g. OT0225, PT0222, or PT1253).

An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like. Three tapes are shown in this example, which were part of a three tape set.
Another example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Precision Tapes Inc.

Duplicator #125

List of Known Customers

Simitar Entertainment (1985)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the tape guard with text on it, like this for instance:

VICTIMS

0000000 000000

An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #126

List of Known Customers

Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999)

How to Tell

One known tape from this duplicator had the tape length stamped in yellow above the recording tab spot.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #127

List of Known Customers

MGM/UA Home Video (1998) (one known copy of Little Caesar)

How to Tell

Tapes duplicated by this company had a white sticker with information, a print date, and barcodes on both sides. The information and print date were enclosed in a grey background on the sticker, and the information was formatted like this for example:

LITTLE CAESAR

F74063-00 - 1

MG6148 084:03

206148 L - 4

04-28-98 08:34:07

59-008-2

One known copy of Little Caesar by this duplicator also had MGM engraved in gold on the left side of the tape shell.

Possible Candidates

Duplicator #128

List of Known Customers

Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1986)

How to Tell

One known copy of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea that was duplicated by this company had a white sticker with information, which was formatted like this for example:

29556/86232

101080/E130

Possible Candidates

Roadshow Home Video

Duplicator #129

List of Known Customers

Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1989) (one known copy of Wee Sing in Sillyville)

How to Tell

One known copy of Wee Sing in Sillyville by this duplicator had a number printed in white on the left-hand side of the bottom middle side (e.g. 65), possibly indicating tape length.
Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

Other duplicators to be identified

There are still several duplicators that have yet to be identified, many of which their tapes did not have any kind of printing on the cassette, anything in the vertical blanking interval or anything at the end, not even following the static, and others which may simply not have any known specimens in the hands of the wiki's userbase. Here is a list of labels/distributors that have duplicated their tapes at such unknown companies, and the known periods of time they were the duplication companies' clients:

10th Ave. Video
100% Educational Videos
21st Genesis Home Video
3 Star Releasing
4 Star Home Video (1989)
Abba Dabba Productions, LLC (2001)
A Couple 'A Cowboys (1995) (Atmosfear: The Harbingers)
Acclaim Entertainment Inc. (1987)
Acorn Video
Active Home Video
AdultX
Aid Association for Lutherans (1987-2001, although this could have been possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
AIMS Multimedia
Allied Artists Video (1984-2005) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
All Sports Entertainment, Inc. (1989)
Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004-2006)
AnimEigo (199?-1994) (this could possibly have just been Cine Magnetics)
APL International Inc. (1993-1994) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Arcade Pictures/CNR Video (Netherlands) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Ardustry Home Entertainment
Artisan Home Entertainment (1999-2002, for a few tapes, such as some copies of Alice in Wonderland, Dinotopia, Dune, Lonesome Dove and The 10th Kingdom, although this could possibly be more than one duplicator)
Artists Attack
Artist View Entertainment
Astronics Tele-Cine Ltd.
The Asylum Home Entertainment
Atlas Entertainment Corporation (1992)
Avalanche Home Entertainment (1999-2000)
AVEC
Azteca Pictures
Aztlan Media (some copies of Dos Camionetas Blindadas)
Babyscapes, Inc.
The Baby School Company, Inc. (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Barr Entertainment
Benson Music Group (1993)
Best Film and Video Corp. (some tapes)
Big Top Video
Blay Video/Embassy Home Entertainment (1981-1984)
Blazing Arrow Entertainment (1998)
Body Buddy Inc. Productions
Brain Damage Films
The Brainy Baby Company, LLC.
Brass Eagle, Inc. (some tapes)
The Bridgestone Group (????-????) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Agapeland Home Video (????-????)
Brentwood Home Video
Brimstone Productions (1995)
Burbank Video (1983-1989)
Burning Moon Home Video
Budget Video
Camp Video
Canal+ Video (France) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Cascom Home Video
CBS Music Video Enterprises/Columbia Music Video (1988-1992) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
CBS Video Library (1981-1982)
Cerebellum Corporation (2000, 2002) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
ChoiceMark Corp. (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Children's Television Workshop (some Shalom Sesame tapes) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Children's Video of America (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Chiron Industries
Chronicle Videocassettes
Cinema Home Video
Cinemathex Collection
City Lights Home Video
Classic Family Entertainment
Colorado Division of Wildlife (1990)
Comedy III Productions
Command Home Video
Communications Diversified (1989)
Complete Entertainment Inc.
Concord Video
Connor Toy Corporation (1987)
Creative Communication Center (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Crest (2003-2004) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure) (although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
The Criterion Collection
CRIZMAC Art and Cultural Education Materials, Inc. (2001)
Crocus Entertainment (1989) (this could possibly have been a Minnesota-based duplicator)
DAVAURA Inc. (1992)
Davis/Panzer Productions
Dead Alive Productions
DEJ Productions (1998-1999, 2000)
DG Distributors
Diamond Entertainment (1988-1989)
Dino & Rocco (1994)
D.I.N. (Do it Now), Inc. (2001)
Direct Source Special Products Inc.
Direct Video (1988-1990)
Discount Video Tapes
Dollywood (1995)
Dreamland Home Video
Duratape, Inc.
Eagle Rock Entertainment (this could possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Early Advantage Programs for Children
Easyriders Home Video (1995)
Eaton Entertainment
Edde Entertainment
Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999-2004, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Elektra Entertainment
El Matador (2003)
ESPN Home Video (1989-1993)
Essex Video
Even Steven Productions
EVG Digital Entertainment
Excalibur Films
Excellent Video
Expanded Entertainment
Extravaganza Productions (1993)
Family Entertainment Network (1992)
Family Express Video
Family Home Entertainment (1990) (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles videos sold through the Burger King Kids' Club)
Fantasy Home Video (1986-1991)
Fat Dog Productions
First Look Home Entertainment (one duplicator from 1999-2000, another from 2001-2004, and yet another from 2005-2006)
Filmax (Spain) (this could have possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Films for the Humanities and Sciences (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Film Threat Video
Filmways Home Video/Filmpac Home Video (Australia)
Finley Holiday Films
Fisher Price (Little People and Rescue Heroes tapes)
Fotodisk Video
Front Row Entertainment
Fries Home Video (1989-1992)
FUNimation Entertainment (1999-2000, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Futura Home Video (1995)
Gameplan/Artranch (1994)
Gameplan Video (2003)
Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
Gateway Learning Corporation (1998) (Hooked on Phonics Introductory Video)
Gateway Films/Vision Video
Gator Home Entertainment (2001-2004)
Genius Products, Inc. (1999)
Go Cat (1993)
GoodTimes Home Video (some copies of Six Hours of Spurs and Saddles)
Gorgon Video
Gospel Films Video
Gospel Light Video (this could possibly have been just been Matrix Video)
GPN
Grandfather Reads LLC (1999)
GRB Entertainment (some copies of War Dogs: America's Forgotten Heroes)
Grindhouse Releasing (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Guthy Renker Video
GWN Video
Haber Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Halestorm Entertainment (2003) (The R.M.)
Hallmark Home Entertainment (1995) (the demo VHS of The Madness of King George)
Harmony Vision (1981-1983)
Hart Sharp Video (2002-2007, although this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Hemdale Home Video (1991-1995, although this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
High Video
Hip Hop Slam Video (1999)
HIS Video
Hollywood's Attic
Hollywood Products
Home Mission Board
Home Vision Entertainment (this could possibly have just been Allied Film & Video)
Hosca Home Video Production (1987)
HPG Home Video
HV Films (1999)
Iguana Producciones (1996)
Image Entertainment
Image Home Video (1986)
Indigo Entertainment, Inc.
In-Fisherman Video
Interactive VCR Games
International Video Network (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
International Multimedia Yearbooks
Jeremiah Films
JM Marketing
John I. Bailey
K5 International (Canada)
Karl Video Corporation (1981-1982)
KB Releasing
KCNC-TV Denver
Kidmark, Inc. (unrelated to the children's sub-division of Trimark Home Video)
King World Direct
Kino on Video (1989-1999; 2001-2003) (from 2001-2003, some tapes) (this could possibly have just been DXB Video Tapes)
Knopf Video Books (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
KnoWhutImean? Home Video
Koch Vision
Kodak Video Programs
K-TEL Video (1984)
LA Production Group
LA Video Corporation
Laguna Films
LawrenceVision 3D (1993) (the non-Avon print of Goldilocks & the 3 Bears in 3-D)
Leisure View Video (UK)
Leucadia Family Films
- Sandstar Family Entertainment
Lightyear Entertainment (1993)
Lightworks Audio & Video (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Lobo Pictures
Liguori Publishing (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Little Mammoth Media (1997)
Lumivision (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Lutheran Brotherhood (1992-2001, although this could have been possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Macrovision
Madacy Entertainment Group (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Madison Square Garden Home Video
Malibu Graphics, Inc.
Manhattan Entertainment (some tapes)
Mark IV Pictures
Marshmallow Media Group
MasterVision (1981-1988, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Mattel Games (1992) (Wayne's World VCR Board Game!)
Maverick Entertainment (1997-2006) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Maxximum Pics Entertainment (2000)
MCM Entertainment
Media Blasters
- Anime Works
Media West Home Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Medusa Communications (UK) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Michael Weise Productions (1997)
MindStorm Productions
Miramax Films (1993; 1999) (in 1993, the Academy screener cassette of Farewell My Concubine; in 1999, Shakespeare in the Classroom) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
The Mirisch Video Company (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
MorningStar Entertainment (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
More Entertainment (1990)
Morris Video (1984-1990, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
MTI Home Video
MVP Home Entertainment
NBC (1994) (some Emmy screener tapes)
NBR Enterprises
New & Unique Video (this could have been possibly the client of more than one duplicator)
New Horizons Home Video/New Concorde (1990-2005) (this could be possibly the client of more than one duplicator)
New Image Video
NFL Films Video (1978-1984) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Nick Jr. (1997-1998) (Blue's Clues: Snacktime and Blue's Clues: Blue's ABC's (Special Teacher's Edition)) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Nikon
Niles Entertainment (1978)
Nintendo (1999) (Pikachu's Winter Vacation)
NOW Video (1992)
NPS Home Video
O Entertainment (1999)
Oregon Sports Network (2002)
Pak Entertainment (1994)
Pamplin Entertainment
Panorama International
Parade Video
Parker Brothers (1985, 1987, 1993) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Paws & Play Games (1994)
Peerless Films (1986)
Planet Video (1982-1983)
Platinum Disc Corporation (1998-2001; 2004-2005) (from 2004-2005, releases printed in the USA) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
Platinum Productions Inc.
Playboy Home Video
- Eros Collection
Playhouse Disney (Jojo's Circus Special Teacher's Edition and Little Einsteins: Climb Aboard and Get Ready to Explore!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
PM Entertainment Group Inc.
Pressman (1986)
Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1985-1989, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Private Screenings/Luna Video (1984-1990, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Quality X Video Cassette Company
Quest Entertainment
Questar Home Video (1998) (one known copy of The Great Sioux Uprising)
Rabbit Ears Productions (1990-1991) (some tapes distributed by MCA Distributing Corporation/Uni Distribution Corporation)
Radar Communications Inc. (2001)
Rae Don Home Video (1988-1990, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Rainbow Entertainment (Australia) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Raven Releasing (1998)
Raven Video (some copies of Scream the Wolf)
Reader's Digest Home Entertainment (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Reel Gore Productions (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Red Tape Productions (UK)
Replay Home Entertainment
RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (some 1990-1991 demo tapes)
RCA Victor Video (1992)
RPTA Video (UK)
Rupicola VCR Games (1990)
Saturn Productions, Inc.
Schlessinger Media (2000) (one known copy of Beowulf)
Scholastic (2002) (Clifford the Big Red Dog: A New Friend)
SCI, Inc. (1999)
SCI Productions
Screen Media Films (2002-2003) (some copies of Looking for an Echo, Rock My World and Pete's Meteor) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Screen Pix Home Video
Second City Video (1978)
Sega of America
SGE Home Video (1989-1991)
Shadow Entertainment (some copies of Birthrite)
Shine Home Entertainment (1991)
Shokus Video
Sideshow Cinema
Silver Lake Home Video (1995)
Singing Babies Co. I, LLC. (2000)
Sinistar Entertainment (1999)
SISU Home Entertainment (some tapes)
SkyRiver Films Alaska (1994)
SlingShot Entertainment (2002)
Soho Productions
SouthGate Entertainment (1989-1991)
Spartan Home Entertainment
Spectrum Films (1997-2000) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Spinmaker Video (1986-1988) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
SRO Video/Opening Night Productions/Curtain Call Productions (1981-1985)
Star Licks
Sterling Home Entertainment
Strand Releasing Home Video (1998-2001, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Studio Entertainment (1988-1990)
Studio Home Entertainment (2000-2001)
Stuttering Foundation of America (1996)
Summit Media
Sunburst Visual Media
Sundance Channel Home Entertainment (2004) (In This World and Die Mommie Die!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Sunrise Productions, LLC
Super Video Inc.
Sylvan Learning Center (2002)
Syme Home Video (Australia)
Taunton Books & Video (1990)
Teacher's Video Company
Tempe Video (1997)
Terra Entertainment
Tesla Memorial Society
TF1 Video (France)
Third Coast Entertainment (1994)
Thrivent Financial for Lutherans (2002-2006, although this could have been possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
TLC Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
TM Books & Video
TMW Media Group (2000)
Today Home Entertainment (1986-1988)
Together in the Harvest Ministries, Inc. (1999)
Tommy Nelson
Trans World Entertainment (1984-1989)
Triboro Entertainment Group
Tri-Line Entertainment (1996)
Trinity Home Entertainment (2001)
Trolley Car Record and Filmworks
Troma Team Video (2001)
TSR Inc. (1993)
Tycoon Home Video (Mexico)
Unicorn Video
United Home Video (1984-1986)
Urban Classics Video (1987-1988)
UrbanWorks Entertainment (2002)
USA Home Entertainment (2001-2002)
VCI Entertainment
VCII (this could possibly have shared its duplicator with Video Cassette X-Rated)
Vidcrest
The Video Bancorp
Video Cassette Games, Inc. (1987)
Video City Productions (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Video Classics (Australia) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Video Club of America
Video Film Organization (UK) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Video Marketing Services
Video Programme Distributors (UK) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
VideoTours (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Video Yesteryear
Vidtape Inc.
Voyager Entertainment
Velocity Home Entertainment (2004-2005)
ViaGrafix Corporation (1999)
Vidco: The Video Company
Video Collectibles Corporation
VideoSonic (Greece) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
Vision Factory (some copies of Embalmer)
Visionsmiths
Viva Video
Voxcorp Inc. (2002)
Walt Disney Home Entertainment (2004) (Toon Pals sampler tapes)
Water Bearer Films
Wellspring Media (1994-1999) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Wolfe Video
Woodhaven Entertainment
Word Ministry Resources
World Video Pictures/Western World Video (1983-1989, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
World Wrestling Entertainment Home Video (one duplicator from 1997-1999, and another from 2004-2005)
Xebec Home Video
YES! Entertainment Corporation (1993) (TV Teddy tapes)
York Home Video/York Entertainment (1990-2004) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
Young Generation Video
Zane Entertainment Group

Distributors that likely self-duplicated

Caballero Control Corporation
Kartes Video Communications/KVC Home Video (1984-1993)
Sinister Cinema
Something Weird Video
VCA Pictures
Video Cassette X-Rated
Video Warehouse, Inc.

Vertical Blanking Interval Tags from Other Unknown Duplicators

NOTE: Do NOT move any of these tags, even those where a duplicator has been possibly identified, until you can obtain concrete confirmation from other sources such as the individuals who originally captured the VBIs, via good pictures of the cassette proper at the relevant view or another method.

Codes like this were used at the beginning and end of tapes by a few duplicators, such as a few tapes by Allied Digital Technologies and one known tape each from duplicators #33 and #97 mentioned above. There may be one duplicator that used codes like this, though.