Unknown duplicators
The following is a list of unknown duplicators. Once a duplicator in this list is identified, it should be removed from the list and a page should be created for it.
Duplicator numbers marked * are known to be Macrovision customers.
Duplicator #1
List of Known Customers
- Montgomery Ward (one known copy of Rudolph: Lessons for Life)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings (e.g. 10962138 29572 RUDOLPHS LESSONS).
- Some tapes by this company also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end.
-
An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #2
List of Known Customers
- Columbia TriStar Home Video (1994) (as confirmed by one copy of a Really Wild Animals screening cassette)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being formatted like this for example:
PAL-200 MMM 17:25 04/25/94
T-140
- One tape by this duplicator has been known to have shuffling color bars at the end.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #3
List of Known Customers
- Disney Institute (1997)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had printings (e.g. 4457-5 IP).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #4
List of Known Customers
- Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
- Green Frog Productions, Ltd.
- OGR Publishing
- Palm Pictures (2004) (one known copy of Demonlover)
- TBD, but it was the distributor of First Fun with French in North America
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were formatted like the following examples:
Example 1:
PT-45 EMT/HG 306 A102 0627 P.B.
Example 2:
T-120 SG/TO-NS A102 0624 P.B.
Example 3:
PT-75 BASF/HG 195 A100 0721 P.B.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #5
List of Known Customers
- Family Home Entertainment (1990) (some copies of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles tapes sold through the Burger King Kids' Club)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:
TMD-EP 15833 27842 12490
21A2 APRIL FOOLISH W/COMMERCIAL 22:15
- Some tapes from this duplicator also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end.
- As indicated by the aforementioned printings, this duplicator used thermal magnetic duplication systems from Otari.
-
An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator look like. It may be hard to see in this particular scan.
Possible Candidates
- Producers Color Service, Inc. Video Cassette Division
- Video Duplication Services, Inc.
- West Coast Video Duplicating, Inc.
Duplicator #6
List of Known Customers
- Marathon Music & Video
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. 40 99).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #7
List of Known Customers
- Bob Ross Inc.
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-120 B/SHG 0285 C A298 0828 H.E).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #8
List of Known Customers
- Children's Video of America, Inc.
- Family Films, Ltd.
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 48).
- Much like most tapes by Cassette Productions, some tapes by this duplicator also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end, accompanied by a rumbling sound in the linear track.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #9
List of Known Customers
- Crash Cinema
- Polartec
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:
10607
2400733
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #10
List of Known Customers
- Verizon (2001)
- WGBH (1996)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:
HSV
T-30
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #11
List of Known Customers
- Gaiam (2001)
- Wet Cement Productions Inc. (2001) (some copies of Ewe Know: Do EWE Sing?)
- World Wide Pictures Home Video
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. ZAMPERINI 889088).
-
An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like. Please note it may be a bit hard to see in this image.
-
On one known copy of Gaiam: Pilates Bodyband Workout by this duplicator, the VBI code looked something like this.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #12*
List of Known Customers
- AIMS Multimedia
- Lightning Dubbs
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being formatted like this for example:
T-30 SI JUN 06 02 04 : 45 M A D E I N U S A
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #13
List of Known Customers
- A&M Video
- Major League Baseball Home Video (1988)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white or purple upside-down printings above the recording tab (e.g. 5x47).
- Some other tapes by this duplicator also had dark printings on the left side of the tape (e.g. 170717).
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #14*
List of Known Customers
- Wide-Eyed Learning (2003)
How to Tell
- One known copy of The Treasure Chest: Toys & Signs from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 34).
- One known copy of The Treasure Chest: Toys & Signs from this duplicator had a silent white screen test pattern at the end after several seconds of black screen, followed by some more black screen.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #15
List of Known Customers
- Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999)
How to Tell
- One known tape from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. T29 2).
- Said tape also had a silent white screen test pattern for a split second at the end.
- Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #16
List of Known Customers
- Baby Playtime, Inc. (2000)
- Chair Dancing International, Inc.
- EKA Productions (1997)
- Virgin Records America (2001)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like the following examples:
Example 1:
T31G0M
Example 2:
T21SAIM
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #17
List of Known Customers
- Acorn Media (2004)
- Family Home Entertainment (2000) (some copies of Baby Shakespeare)
- Showtime Entertainment (2004)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink, like in the examples shown in the below pictures.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #18
List of Known Customers
- Velocity Home Entertainment (2003)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed in white ink, like in the example shown in the below picture.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #19*
List of Known Customers
- Paramount Home Video (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had information etched onto the tape guard, like this for example:
PAR
78
-
This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #20
List of Known Customers
- MCA/Universal Home Video (screener copies)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings beneath the face label, like this for example:
PURE LUCK
020664 03 0621
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #21
List of Known Customers
- Cloud Ten Pictures (Canada)
- Sony Wonder (Canada) (2000, 2005)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:
HQ
T-40 3103032255 4
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #22
List of Known Customers
- Paulist Press
- Voltage Video
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company did not have any form of printing on the cassette, although some tapes were duplicated on cassettes manufactured by Fujifilm.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #23
List of Known Customers
- GPN
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:
EMTEC 20780080
T-30
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #24
List of Known Customers
- KCTS Television
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette, nor do they have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
- Some tapes duplicated by this company may have the master visibly stopping at the end, followed by black screen.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #25
List of Known Customers
- Karen Pryor Clicker Training
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-35 SG 693C C105 0727 H.M.).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #26
List of Known Customers
- The Bridgestone Group (1988)
- Multnomah Productions (1991)
- Omega Entertainment (1986)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. BS 040621).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #27
List of Known Customers
- Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (2004-2005) (demo tapes)
- Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (2005-2006) (demo tapes)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (sometimes with "3M" in the printings), like in the examples shown in the below pictures.
- Some tapes from this duplicator also had a silent white screen test pattern at the end.
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #28
List of Known Customers
- Englewood Entertainment (1999)
- FUNimation Productions Inc. (2000)
- GPN
- KRMA-TV Denver Six
- VCI Home Video (2000, 2006)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had seven numbers engraved above the recording tab spot. Take a look at the following examples:
Example 1:
4351090
Example 2:
6038115
- One tape by this duplicator has also been known to have a silent white screen test pattern at the end.
Possible Candidates
- Advanced Audio/Video Productions, Inc.
- Audio-VideoGraphics, Inc.
- El Jay Audio/Video Duplication
- Mother Dubbers
- Video Services Group Inc.
- VU Media Duplication
Duplicator #29
List of Known Customers
- Oregon Public Broadcasting (1997)
- Palmer/Pletsch
- SyndHonda Cinema Productions (2002)
How to Tell
- Tapes from this duplicator had a two digit number printed in dark ink above the recording tab spot (e.g. 65), possibly indicating tape length.
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #30
List of Known Customers
- Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (2001)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had yellow printings on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. 10336).
- One tape by this duplicator was known to have the static roll of death at the end.
-
This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #31
List of Known Customers
- Barron's Home Video
- General Mills (1995) ("Best Of" Seinfeld 100th Episode)
- Pearson Prentice Hall (some copies of World History Video Program series)
- Peter Pan Industries (1990s)
- Parade Video (1990s)
- Random House Home Video (The Berenstain Bears videos sponsored by Long John Silver's)
- Sony Music Entertainment (1996-1998)
- Small Fry Productions
- Weston Woods (1996)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the right side of the tape shell, like the following examples:
Example 1:
5324 1
Example 2:
286065
Example 3:
2 6061
Example 4:
6078
Example 5:
26087
Example 6:
1J7370
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #32
List of Known Customers
- Warner Home Video (1994) (some copies of Dracula: A.D. 1972)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had a yellow sticker with information, a print date, and a barcode on it. The information and print date were formatted like this for example:
DRACULA A.D. (1972) WHV
0285337 V25100
09/29/94 S-3 P-X
113-01-7
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #33
List of Known Customers
- FUNimation Entertainment (2004) (one known copy of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret Origins)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. 10 06).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #34
List of Known Customers
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK)
- Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (UK) (2002-2004)
- MGM Home Entertainment (UK)
- Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2002)
- Reader's Digest (UK)
- Universal Pictures (UK) (2002-2004)
- Video Collection International (UK) (2003)
- Walt Disney Home Video (Saudi Arabia) (2000-2003)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white or dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:
2062737 E128 ICE AGE (RETAIL) 10373880
AL3 2909
- Some tapes by this duplicator also had five DTMF tones at the beginning of the tape, which sound similar to the DTMF tones used by Technicolor in Livonia, Michigan.
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #35
List of Known Customers
- Magnum Entertainment
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had an orange sticker next to the recording tab spot, which had some numbers on it (e.g. 114329).
- Several tapes by this duplicator also had a few numbers printed in white on the bottom middle side, like the following examples:
Example 1:
1 60
Example 2:
6 105
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #36
List of Known Customers
- GPN
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings on the bottom middle side or the tape guard (e.g. T30 93342).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #37
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Video (Mexico) (1996)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings, which were formatted like this for example:
01A1504 ALICIA EN EL PAIS DE LAS
T-080 27/02/96 02 0299 B MARAVILLAS
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #38
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Entertainment (Greece) (2002)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:
105 AVE 2848
1385 2A
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #39
List of Known Customers
- CIC Video (UK) (1988)
- Warner Home Video (UK) (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings (e.g. E105 0202 CL1 BATTERIES NOT INCLUDED).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #40
List of Known Customers
- MGM/UA Home Video (France) (1998)
- Universal Pictures (France) (2001)
- Warner Home Video (France) (2000)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were formatted like this for example:
E132 557998 4 E 023 5P926
23H41
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #41
List of Known Customers
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Belgium) (2002)
- Columbia TriStar Home Video (Germany) (2002)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had a barcode sticker on the tape guard. This barcode had 16 numbers. Below it, there was information (e.g. E83/E94/C/271202 3 02).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #42
List of Known Customers
- U.S. Renditions (1990-1994)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the spine, with a tape length (e.g. "T60", seen on any program duplicated on 60-minute tape) above the recording tab; not much is known about the printings on the spine as of yet, though one appears to be a date code (e.g. "081391", taken from a copy of Appleseed), and another, to its right, is a time code (e.g. "02:43", taken from a copy of Outlanders).
- Some tapes up to around 1992 did not have any printings at all.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #43*
List of Known Customers
- MCA/Universal Home Video (1994) (some copies of Beethoven's 2nd)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had information etched onto the right side of the tape shell (e.g. MCA-423-22837).
-
This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
This is what the VBI on tapes from this company was like, with the Macrovision signal in it.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #44
List of Known Customers
- Campus Crusade for Christ International
- Sit and Be Fit
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had information in the vertical blanking interval, like the following examples:
Example 1:
WAC 3105
Example 2:
WAC 3001
-
An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #45
List of Known Customers
- Blockbuster Video (1995) (one known copy of Victor Borge's Funniest Moments)
- Bullfrog Films (1995) (one known copy of Billion Dollar Crop)
- Children's Circle
- CVM (1996)
- Four Seasons Productions (2002) (one known copy of Quest for the Grail)
- GMG Productions (2000)
- VideoTours (one known copy of San Diego Zoo)
- Weston Woods (1998)
How to Tell
- Most tapes duplicated by this company had a sticker on the side of the tape shell, with information on it like the following examples:
Example 1:
M5G9860
Example 2:
16F6872
- Some early tapes also had a number stamped in dark ink above the recording tab spot.
- Several later tapes had white printings like the following examples:
Example 1:
T40-A
Example 2:
T30 BC
- Some tapes however, did not have any of these credentials.
- At the beginning and end of tapes by this duplicator, there was also a date in the vertical blanking interval, accompanied by a clock. The information was formatted like the following examples:
Example 1:
8·04·91 [clock]
Example 2:
0·07·00 [clock]
Example 3:
2·17· [clock]
Example 4:
10·30·90 [clock]
-
An example of what the printings on early tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the printings on later tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the sticker on most tapes by this duplicator looked like. The color of the sticker varied by tape; this picture shows a light blue sticker.
-
An example of what the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
Another example of this duplicator's VBI code.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #46
List of Known Customers
- Zondervan Video (1992)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
- At the beginning and end of tapes duplicated by this company, there were four two-digit numbers in the vertical blanking interval, which were separated by colons (e.g. 36:35:45:13).
-
An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #47
List of Known Customers
- Chariot Video/David C. Cook Publishing Co.
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot, as well as a set of eight numbers printed in white on the back of the tape shell (e.g. 40040211).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #48
List of Known Customers
- Braveworld Ltd. (UK) (1992)
- Castle Home Video (UK) (1999)
- Cinema Club (UK) (2002)
- Clear Vision Video (UK) (1995-2004)
- Contender Entertainment Group (UK) (2002-2003)
- Cromwell Productions Limited (UK) (2000)
- DD Video (UK)
- Feature Films for Families (UK)
- Fremantle Media (UK) (2002)
- ILC (UK)
- IVC Video Inc. (UK)
- Karussell (UK) (1996)
- Lace International Limited (UK) (1998)
- Maximum Entertainment (UK) (2004)
- Medusa Pictures (UK) (2002)
- M.I.A. Video (UK)
- Odyssey Video (UK) (2001)
- Pickwick Video (UK) (1992)
- PT Video (UK) (2000-2001)
- The Singing Machine (1993)
- Star Video Interactive Entertainment Ltd. (UK) (1997)
- Televideo (UK) (1997)
- Telstar Video Entertainment (UK) (1994)
- Tempo Video
- Tring Video (UK) (1995)
- Video Collection International (UK) (1999-2002)
- Warner Music Vision (UK) (1999)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a sticker with a date (or batch number in the case of some tapes), "VDC" and a job number. The color of the sticker varied by tape.
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a batch number. This picture shows an orange sticker.
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a date. This picture shows a green sticker.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #49
List of Known Customers
- RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (UK) (1991)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had printings (e.g. E108 RVS/R A0803 LL).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #50
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of Flubber)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had white printings (e.g. FLUBBER BV 232 W/O BVH 630838).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #51
List of Known Customers
- Warner Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of L.A. Confidential)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a print date, with the printings being formatted like this for example:
02/11/98
WHV LA CONFIDENTIAL W/O W592851 R/T 142.11
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #52
List of Known Customers
- Hanna-Barbera Home Video (1990) (some copies of Hanna-Barbera Command Performance videos, and some others)
- The Maier Group (1990) (Inspector Gadget videos)
- National Geographic Society (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
- Tapes by this duplicator had a number on the left-hand side of the vertical blanking interval at the beginning of the tape (e.g. 02).
-
An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #53
List of Known Customers
- MGM/UA Home Video
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had dark printings (e.g. T-88 E14799-8719).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #54
List of Known Customers
- National Geographic (2008) (one known copy of Odzala: Islands in the Forest)
How to Tell
- On tapes by this company, the only form of printing was the tape length, which was printed in white above the recording tab spot.
-
The VBI code on tapes by this company looked something like this. Take a look at this example.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #55
List of Known Customers
- Interglobal Home Video
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. T40USM AYMSRPM DHG-U-CMI1).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #56
List of Known Customers
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
- CIC (UK) (1999)
- Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
- Pathé (1998)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had white printings between an inked barcode, like these two examples:
Example 1:
10015807 [barcode]E83 DL4 2308 10015807
RUGRATS - THE MOVIE
Example 2:
20049360 [barcode]E92 RUGRATS IN PARIS MOVIE 2 10232431
BL4 1708
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #57
List of Known Customers
- Green Frog Productions, Ltd.
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had white printings (e.g. T-75 ILYA FUJI 1).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #58
List of Known Customers
- Play Along (2002-2004)
How to Tell
- The only form of printing on tapes by this duplicator was PA, printed in white on the back of the cassette shell.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #59
List of Known Customers
- The Baby Einstein Company (1999) (one known pressing of Baby Bach)
- Paramount Home Video (one known Columbia House Video Club pressing of Forrest Gump)
- PolyGram Video (1998) (one known pressing of The Gingerbread Man)
- Tai Seng Video Marketing (1999) (one known pressing of First Option)
How to Tell
- Look at the following pictures to see examples of what tapes by this duplicator had in the VBI at the beginning:
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #60
List of Known Customers
- Hemdale Home Video
- International Music Distributors (1996)
- Substance (1996)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this duplicator had a print date, with the printings being formatted like the following examples:
Example 1:
12/12/95 09:54 T100 2GS
Example 2:
12/08/96 20:09 T110 2AA
Example 3:
12/05/97 11:36 T85 1 SKC
- One known tape by this duplicator has the recording tab intact.
-
An example of what print dates and the overall printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #61
List of Known Customers
- Advanced Hunting Equipment (1992) (some copies of Tree-Lounge Trophies)
How to Tell
- Some Advanced Hunting Equipment tapes by this duplicator say "FCV" in the bottom right corner of the label.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #62
List of Known Customers
- A.D. Vision (1994) (some copies of Guy: Double Target)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had printings like these for example:
T-75 [1] MAY,24.94 MADE IN U.S.A. 11:15
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #63
List of Known Customers
- AnimEigo (1994) (some copies of MADOX-01 and Riding Bean)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had upside-down printings (e.g. U51S94WO34734).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #64
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney World (2003)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had dark printings like these for example:
MGR MAGIC 4PK
050404 0303 19116
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #65
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had dark printings (e.g. E101 DER KÖNIG DER LÖWEN 79163).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #66
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had dark printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:
85 644E
1560
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #67
List of Known Customers
- Cabin Fever Entertainment (1989)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the bottom middle side. This sticker had black text like this for example:
042056.001 104709 HANK WILLIAMS JR.: FULL ACCESS 3878 08-25-89
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #68
List of Known Customers
- Brentwood Music
- Brentwood Kids
- Home Sweet Home Educational Media Co.
- Toddler Television Video
- Quality Video
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. B 19568).
- Some tapes by this duplicator also had the tape speed (e.g. SP) stamped in white on the side of the tape guard.
- Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #69
List of Known Customers
- Crest (2000) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had a dark ink stamp above the recording tab spot, which consists of text in a circle (e.g. DP010).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #70
List of Known Customers
- Crest (1993) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot like this for example:
MCNERNEY
9382-1
Duplicator #71
List of Known Customers
- Just Your Pal (1998)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. HS T-30 2618).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #72
List of Known Customers
- A Couple 'A Cowboys (1991)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. T-47 27041X).
- Next to the white printings, there was also a set of sideways dark printings like these for example:
CHIEF
8192
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #73
List of Known Customers
- Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1990-1991)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had a two-digit number printed in white on the bottom middle side (e.g. 65 or 75), possibly indicating tape length.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #74
List of Known Customers
- Home Sweet Home Educational Media Co. (1988)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the side of the tape shell. This sticker had black text like this for example:
36851#2
FOREVER FRIENDS
#04769
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #75
List of Known Customers
- BBC Video (UK) (1989)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a sticker with information printed like this for example:
P11 28786
20075
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like. This picture shows a green sticker.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #76
List of Known Customers
- The Video Collection (UK) (1992)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:
2735
43257
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #77
List of Known Customers
- Thames Video Collection (UK) (1989)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had an orange sticker with information (e.g. 0893.Gk).
- Some tapes by this duplicator also had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. 6 60).
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #78
List of Known Customers
- VCI (UK)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:
X20·03·01
131543
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #79
List of Known Customers
- Stylus Video (UK) (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information (e.g. D123910).
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #80
List of Known Customers
- Reader's Digest Video (UK)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had dark printings, (e.g. E40 H S DV87-346/3 001200I 0759242).
-
An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #81
List of Known Customers
- Video Artists International
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had a white sticker on the left side of the tape shell, and said sticker had information printed like this for example:
TRUMPET KG
19941
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #82
List of Known Customers
- Interactive Learning Group (1999)
- Video Buddy (1999)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had printings above the recording tab spot or the bottom middle side (e.g. 2192).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #83
List of Known Customers
- Cinéma Plus International
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. K1022).
- Tapes by this duplicator also had white printings on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. CP 1313).
- Tapes by this duplicator also had a sticker on the tape guard with numbers on it (e.g. 19253).
-
An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the side printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #84
List of Known Customers
- Inside Country Music (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. T105 EG23A09002D 08 : 44 #53972).
- Tapes by this duplicator also had a white stamping on the left side of the tape, like the example in the picture below next to a picture of the example of the dark printings.
-
An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the white stamping on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #85
List of Known Customers
- Nancy's Notions, Ltd. (1996, 1999)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had the tape length printed in gold above the recording tab spot.
- One copy of Sewing with Nancy: Suede - Ultra Fun to Sew by this duplicator has been known to have shuffling color bars at the end.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #86
This information could possibly apply to more than one duplicator.
List of Known Customers
- Price/Stern/Sloan (1987-1989)
- Valley of the Sun Video (1987)
How to Tell
- The only form of printing on tapes here is above the recording tab spot, where white printings appeared like the following examples:
Example 1:
T-30
TL88178
Example 2:
T-60
TL871193
Example 3:
T-65
L25445-1
Example 4:
T-60
TL870167
- Two known tapes by this duplicator did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #87
List of Known Customers
- Trinity Broadcasting Network
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab, like these for example:
T-95
19968
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #88*
List of Known Customers
- Public Media Home Vision (1995)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark or white printings on the left side of the tape shell (e.g. #3 55).
- Tapes duplicated by this company also had a white sticker on the tape guard, with information printed on it like the following examples:
Example 1:
HERMITAGE PT. 1 1364002
Example 2:
HERMITAGE PT. 2 1364008
Example 1:
HERMITAGE PT. 3 1364014
-
An example of what the white printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
An example of what the white sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #89
List of Known Customers
- Lannan Foundation (1994)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings (e.g. NV-60MV 02067).
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #90
List of Known Customers
- The Right Stuf International (1998)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:
T-75
175
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #91
List of Known Customers
- MNTEX Entertainment (1991)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. MXE5660 3-0714).
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #92
List of Known Customers
- MNTEX Entertainment
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard (e.g. CE 6103).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #93
List of Known Customers
- Simitar Entertainment
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had upside-down white printings (e.g. PT 22195).
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #94
List of Known Customers
- METACOM (1992)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had a blue sticker under the face label, which had information like this for example:
CHRISTMAS CELE
481305 AU-TO
- One copy of Pavarotti, Domingo & friends sing A Christmas Celebration by this duplicator has been known to have the white screen test pattern with a 1000hz tone at the end, followed by a few seconds of black screen before the tape ends.
-
An example of what the blue sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
-
On tapes by this duplicator, the BHCP codes were used in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #95
List of Known Customers
- Simitar Entertainment
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had the tape speed (e.g. SP) enclosed in a circle, stamped in white on the side of the tape guard.
-
An example of what the white stamping on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #96
List of Known Customers
- Embassy Home Entertainment (1986)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had upside-down text engraved on the left side of the tape shell (e.g. EHP 60712).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #97
List of Known Customers
- Anchor Bay Entertainment (1999) (one known copy of One Magic Christmas)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had dark printings (e.g. 01-14-4091).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #98
List of Known Customers
- Regal Home Video (1999)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. REGAL 0399).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #99
List of Known Customers
- Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had white printings above the recording tab spot (e.g. ABE-AB1326).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #100
List of Known Customers
- Voyager Entertainment (1995)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the tape guard, with information printed on it like the following example:
STARBLAZERS VOL. 1
136 07/26/95
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #101
List of Known Customers
- Tim Young Productions Inc. (1996)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had dark printings above the recording tab spot, like the following example:
63390812
11524000
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #102
List of Known Customers
- BFS Video
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated here had white printings above the recording tab spot, like the following example:
S 120 KSB
8111051
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #103
List of Known Audio Customers
- Walt Disney Records (CD; 1990s) (some copies of Sebastian From The Little Mermaid)
How to Tell for Audio Releases
- Some copies of Sebastian From The Little Mermaid duplicated by this company had matrix printings on the front of the disc ring, usually beginning with the disc's catalog number, like these examples:
Example 1:
608112 L0929K A 1
Example 2:
608112 RE1 L0A25A A2
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #104
List of Known Customers
- Encounter Video (1990)
- Stoney-Wolf Video (1990)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had a two-digit number printed in white above the recording tab spot (e.g. 30), possibly indicating tape length.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #105
List of Known Customers
- CBS (1988) (Plan to Get Out Alive: Family Fire Safety Video)
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had two white stickers on the bottom middle side, like the example in the picture below.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #106
List of Known Customers
- Turner Broadcasting System (1996) (One known copy of the FYC screener tape of The Heidi Chronicles)
How to Tell
- One known copy of the FYC screener tape of The Heidi Chronicles that was duplicated by this company had dark printings (e.g. 107961634 24001 V-98).
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #107
List of Known Customers
- Malofilm Video
How to Tell
- Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:
T-106
850EA370
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #108*
List of Known Customers
- Eye Films and Video (1991)
How to Tell
- Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side (e.g. T70 EG64D07115D 12 : 13 #58871).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #109
List of Known Customers
- Unknown (but it was the distributor of a Malcolm in the Middle "For Your Emmy Consideration" tape)
How to Tell
- One known tape by this company had a number printed in dark ink on the right-hand side of the bottom middle side (e.g. 25).
-
One known tape by this company had something like this in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #110
List of Known Customers
- Editions Montparnasse (1998)
How to Tell
- One known copy of Louvre: The Visit by this company had dark printings (e.g. E-95 519403 B 285 5P926).
- Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #111
List of Known Customers
- Nutmeg Media (2004)
How to Tell
- One known copy of The Crab Man by this company had a number stamped in dark ink on the right side of the tape shell (e.g. 12).
- Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #112
List of Known Customers
- Hallway Entertainment & Distribution (1993) (one known copy of Willie Nelson: My Life)
How to Tell
- One known copy of Willie Nelson: My Life duplicated by this company had dark printings, like these for example:
T-60 B1 A-345 F-1550
09/07/93 01
- Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval, but it did have a silent white screen test pattern at the end.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #113
List of Known Customers
- PolyGram Music Video (1989)
How to Tell
- One known copy of Paul McCartney: Put It There by this duplicator had dark printings (e.g. T 65 C).
- Said tape did not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like. It may be hard to see in this picture.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #114
List of Known Customers
- Reader's Digest (1994)
How to Tell
- One known copy of Pater Rabbit/Sam Whiskers by this duplicator had dark printings, which were formatted like this for instance:
CS-T47A T-47A
161-0731/3 10-30-94
-
An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like. It may be hard to see in this picture.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #115
List of Known Customers
- Children's Circle (1989)
How to Tell
- One known copy of The Maurice Sendak library by this duplicator had white printings on the right side of the cassette shell (e.g. 4 321).
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #116
List of Known Customers
- CEL Home Video (Australia) (1987-1991)
- RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (Australia) (1991)
- Roadshow Home Video (Australia) (1988-1992)
How to Tell
- Some tapes by this duplicator had a code in the bottom left corner at the beginning of the tape (e.g. RS1885).
- Some tapes by this duplicator also had some text with a date printed over color bars accompanied by a 385hz or 1090hz tone at the end.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #117
List of Known Customers
- Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1985) (one known copy of Lots of Luck)
How to Tell
- At the beginning of one known copy of Lots of Luck by this duplicator, the following text appeared in the top left corner:
REW DUPLICATION
JW 130685 H MNR
3771 B
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #118
List of Known Customers
- Columbia TriStar Home Video (Australia) (1998-2001)
- Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1995-1999)
How to Tell
- At the end of some tapes by this duplicator, blue text appeared like the following examples:
Example 1:
W 874/875/876 V.
Example 2:
C 590 V.
Example 3:
DIS V 018/019 V.
SYD. 21/02/97.
Example 4:
F 775/776/
777/778 V.
- Sometimes, a 1000hz tone was heard over this.
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #119
List of Known Customers
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Australia) (1998-2005)
- Madman Entertainment (Australia) (2001)
- MGM Home Entertainment (Australia) (2000)
- Miramax/Dimension Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
- Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (Australia) (1995-2006)
- Touchstone Home Entertainment (Australia) (2004)
- Walt Disney Home Entertainment (Australia) (1997-2005)
How to Tell
- Some tapes by this duplicator had some text printed over color bars accompanied by a 1000hz tone at the end. Here are a few examples of how the text appeared on such tapes:
Example 1:
C466V/C467V
C468V/C469V
Example 2:
C447V/C448V
Example 3:
T496V/T497V
T498V/T469V
T500/V
Possible Candidates
Duplicator #120*
List of Known Customers
- 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Australia) (1997, 1998, 2000)
- Buena Vista Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
- Columbia TriStar Home Video (Australia) (1996, 1998, 2003)
- Miramax Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
- Roadshow Entertainment (Australia) (1998)
- Touchstone Home Entertainment (Australia) (2003)
- TV One (Australia) (2000)
- VM Distribution (Australia) (2003)
- Walt Disney Home Video (Australia) (1993, 1997, 2001)
- Warner Home Video (Australia) (1993, 1999)
How to Tell
- Some tapes by this duplicator had some text with information (including a date), usually printed over color bars, and usually accompanied by a 1000hz tone at the end. Here are a few examples of how the text appeared on such tapes:
Example 1:
Bringing Down The House
Disney
Vt7
R* 22847/1
Bk's 1,3,7 & 8
20/11/03
Example 2:
Chicago
VT3-BK3,4,7,8
run 22178/4
11/8/03
Example 3:
The
Magic Princess
VT5-Bk 8
R*4897/1
13/11/98
CTH
Example 4:
Fern gully
fox
Vt4 to Bk3,6,7 ,8
Run:24070
23/4/98
Example 5:
DISNEY'S
Beauty and the Beast:
Enchanted Christmas
Vt6- Bk 1,3,6,7 & 8
R*21641
28/10/97
Example 4:
The Sound Of Music
FOX
D2
Bnk's 1,3,6,7 & 8
R*23255
13/3/98
Example 5:
TITANIC
D2
Bk 2,3,6,7,8
R*1045/12
3/7/98
FOX
- Some tapes lack the color bars and tone, with the text appearing over a black screen instead. Some others use the color bars, but no tone.
-
Sometimes, the title blinked.
Possible Candidates
Other duplicators to be identified
There are still several duplicators that have yet to be identified, many of which their tapes did not have any kind of printing on the cassette, anything in the vertical blanking interval or anything at the end, not even following the static, and others which may simply not have any known specimens in the hands of the wiki's userbase. Here is a list of labels/distributors that have duplicated their tapes at such unknown companies, and the known periods of time they were the duplication companies' clients:
- 10th Ave. Video
- 100% Educational Videos
- 21st Genesis Home Video
- 3 Star Releasing
- 4 Star Home Video (1989)
- Abba Dabba Productions, LLC (2001)
- A Couple 'A Cowboys (1995) (Atmosfear: The Harbingers)
- Acclaim Entertainment Inc. (1987)
- Acorn Video
- Active Home Video
- AdultX
- AIMS Multimedia
- Allied Artists Video (1984-2005) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- All Sports Entertainment, Inc. (1989)
- Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004-2006)
- AnimEigo (199?-1994) (this could possibly have just been Cine Magnetics)
- APL International Inc. (1993-1994) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Arcade Pictures/CNR Video (Netherlands) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Ardustry Home Entertainment
- Artisan Home Entertainment (1999-2002, for a few tapes, such as some copies of Alice in Wonderland, Dinotopia, Dune, Lonesome Dove and The 10th Kingdom, although this could possibly be more than one duplicator)
- Artists Attack
- Artist View Entertainment
- Astronics Tele-Cine Ltd.
- The Asylum Home Entertainment
- Atlas Entertainment Corporation (1992)
- Avalanche Home Entertainment (1999-2000)
- AVEC
- Azteca Pictures
- Aztlan Media (some copies of Dos Camionetas Blindadas)
- Babyscapes, Inc.
- The Baby School Company, Inc. (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
- Barr Entertainment
- Benson Music Group (1993)
- Best Film and Video Corp. (some tapes)
- Big Top Video
- Blay Video/Embassy Home Entertainment (1981-1984)
- Blazing Arrow Entertainment (1998)
- Body Buddy Inc. Productions
- Brain Damage Films
- The Brainy Baby Company, LLC.
- Brass Eagle, Inc. (some tapes)
- The Bridgestone Group (????-????) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Agapeland Home Video (????-????)
- Brentwood Home Video
- Brimstone Productions (1995)
- Burbank Video (1983-1989)
- Burning Moon Home Video
- Budget Video
- Camp Video
- Canal+ Video (France) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Cascom Home Video
- CBS Music Video Enterprises/Columbia Music Video (1988-1992) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- CBS Video Library (1981-1982)
- Cerebellum Corporation (2000, 2002) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Children's Television Workshop (some Shalom Sesame tapes) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Chronicle Videocassettes
- Cinema Home Video
- Cinemathex Collection
- City Lights Home Video
- Classic Family Entertainment
- Colorado Division of Wildlife (1990)
- Comedy III Productions
- Command Home Video
- Communications Diversified (1989)
- Complete Entertainment Inc.
- Concord Video
- Connor Toy Corporation (1987)
- Crest (2003-2004) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure) (although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- The Criterion Collection
- CRIZMAC Art and Cultural Education Materials, Inc. (2001)
- Crocus Entertainment (1989) (this could possibly have been a Minnesota-based duplicator)
- DAVAURA Inc. (1992)
- Davis/Panzer Productions
- Dead Alive Productions
- DEJ Productions (1998-1999, 2000)
- DG Distributors
- Diamond Entertainment (1988-1989)
- D.I.N. (Do it Now), Inc. (2001)
- Direct Source Special Products Inc.
- Direct Video (1988-1990)
- Discount Video Tapes
- Dollywood (1995)
- Dreamland Home Video
- Duratape, Inc.
- Eagle Rock Entertainment (this could possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- Early Advantage Programs for Children
- Easyriders Home Video (1995)
- Eaton Entertainment
- Edde Entertainment
- Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999-2004, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- Elektra Entertainment
- El Matador (2003)
- Essex Video
- Even Steven Productions
- EVG Digital Entertainment
- Excalibur Films
- Expanded Entertainment
- Extravaganza Productions (1993)
- Family Entertainment Network (1992)
- Family Home Entertainment (1990) (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles videos sold through the Burger King Kids' Club)
- Fantasy Home Video (1986-1991)
- Fat Dog Productions
- First Look Home Entertainment (one duplicator from 1999-2000, another from 2001-2004, and yet another from 2005-2006)
- Films for the Humanities and Sciences (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Film Threat Video
- Fisher Price (Little People and Rescue Heroes tapes)
- Fotodisk Video
- Front Row Entertainment
- Fries Home Video (1989-1992)
- FUNimation Entertainment (1999-2000, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Futura Home Video (1995)
- Gameplan/Artranch (1994)
- Gameplan Video (2003)
- Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
- Gateway Learning Corporation (1998) (Hooked on Phonics Introductory Video)
- Gateway Films/Vision Video
- Gator Home Entertainment (2001-2004)
- Genius Products, Inc. (1999)
- Go Cat (1993)
- GoodTimes Home Video (some copies of Six Hours of Spurs and Saddles)
- Gorgon Video
- GPN
- Grandfather Reads LLC (1999)
- GRB Entertainment (some copies of War Dogs: America's Forgotten Heroes)
- Grindhouse Releasing (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Guthy Renker Video
- GWN Video
- Haber Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Halestorm Entertainment (2003) (The R.M.)
- Hallmark Home Entertainment (1995) (the demo VHS of The Madness of King George)
- Harmony Vision (1981-1983)
- Hemdale Home Video (1991-1995, although this could be the client of more than one duplicator)
- HIS Video
- Hollywood's Attic
- Hollywood Products
- Home Mission Board
- Home Vision Entertainment (this could possibly have just been Allied Film & Video)
- Hosca Home Video Production (1987)
- HPG Home Video
- HV Films (1999)
- Iguana Producciones (1996)
- Image Entertainment
- Image Home Video (1986)
- Indigo Entertainment, Inc.
- Interactive VCR Games
- International Video Network (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- International Multimedia Yearbooks
- Jeremiah Films
- JM Marketing
- John I. Bailey
- Karl Video Corporation (1981-1982)
- KB Releasing
- KCNC-TV Denver
- Kidmark, Inc. (unrelated to the children's sub-division of Trimark Home Video)
- King World Direct
- Kino on Video (1989-1999; 2001-2003) (from 2001-2003, some tapes) (this could possibly have just been DXB Video Tapes)
- Knopf Video Books (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- KnoWhutImean? Home Video
- Koch Vision
- Kodak Video Programs
- LA Production Group
- LA Video Corporation
- Laguna Films
- LawrenceVision 3D (1993) (the non-Avon print of Goldilocks & the 3 Bears in 3-D)
- Leucadia Family Films
- Sandstar Family Entertainment
- Lightyear Entertainment (1993)
- Lobo Pictures
- Little Mammoth Media (1997)
- Lumivision (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- The Lyons Group (1988-1991) (this could possibly have just been Allied Film & Video)
- Macrovision
- Madacy Entertainment Group (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
- Madison Square Garden Home Video
- Manhattan Entertainment (some tapes)
- Mark IV Pictures
- Marshmallow Media Group
- Mattel Games (1992) (Wayne's World VCR Board Game!)
- Maverick Entertainment (1997-2006) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Maxximum Pics Entertainment (2000)
- MCM Entertainment
- Media Blasters
- Anime Works
- Media West Home Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Michael Weise Productions (1997)
- MindStorm Productions
- Miramax Films (1993; 1999) (in 1993, the Academy screener cassette of Farewell My Concubine; in 1999, Shakespeare in the Classroom) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- The Mirisch Video Company (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- MTI Home Video
- MVP Home Entertainment
- NBC (1994) (some Emmy screener tapes)
- NBR Enterprises
- New Horizons Home Video/New Concorde (1990-2005) (this could be possibly the client of more than one duplicator)
- New Image Video
- NFL Films Video (1978-1984) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Nick Jr. (1997-1998) (Blue's Clues: Snacktime and Blue's Clues: Blue's ABC's (Special Teacher's Edition)) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- Nikon
- Niles Entertainment (1978)
- Nintendo (1999) (Pikachu's Winter Vacation)
- NOW Video (1992)
- NPS Home Video
- O Entertainment (1999)
- Oregon Sports Network (2002)
- Pak Entertainment (1994)
- Pamplin Entertainment
- Panorama International
- Parade Video
- Parker Brothers (1985, 1987, 1993) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- Paws & Play Games (1994)
- Peerless Films (1986)
- Planet Video (1982-1983)
- Platinum Disc Corporation (1998-2001; 2004-2005) (from 2004-2005, releases printed in the USA) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- Platinum Productions Inc.
- Playboy Home Video
- Eros Collection
- Playhouse Disney (Jojo's Circus Special Teacher's Edition and Little Einsteins: Climb Aboard and Get Ready to Explore!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- PM Entertainment Group Inc.
- Pressman (1986)
- Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1985-1989, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Private Screenings/Luna Video (1984-1990, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
- Quest Entertainment
- Questar Home Video (1998) (one known copy of The Great Sioux Uprising)
- Rabbit Ears Productions (1990-1991) (some tapes distributed by MCA Distributing Corporation/Uni Distribution Corporation)
- Radar Communications Inc. (2001)
- Rae Don Home Video (1988-1990, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Rainbow Entertainment (Australia) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Raven Releasing (1998)
- Raven Video (some copies of Scream the Wolf)
- Reader's Digest Home Entertainment (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Reel Gore Productions (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Red Tape Productions (UK)
- Replay Home Entertainment
- RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (some 1990-1991 demo tapes)
- RCA Victor Video (1992)
- RPTA Video (UK)
- Rupicola VCR Games (1990)
- Saturn Productions, Inc.
- Schlessinger Media (2000) (one known copy of Beowulf)
- Scholastic (2002) (Clifford the Big Red Dog: A New Friend)
- SCI, Inc. (1999)
- SCI Productions
- Screen Media Films (2002-2003) (some copies of Looking for an Echo, Rock My World and Pete's Meteor) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Screen Pix Home Video
- Second City Video (1978)
- Sega of America
- SGE Home Video (1989-1991)
- Shadow Entertainment (some copies of Birthrite)
- Shine Home Entertainment (1991)
- Sideshow Cinema
- Silver Lake Home Video (1995)
- Singing Babies Co. I, LLC. (2000)
- Sinistar Entertainment (1999)
- SISU Home Entertainment (some tapes)
- SkyRiver Films Alaska (1994)
- SlingShot Entertainment (2002)
- Soho Productions
- SouthGate Entertainment (1989-1991)
- Spartan Home Entertainment
- Spectrum Films (1997-2000) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Spinmaker Video (1986-1988) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- SRO Video/Opening Night Productions/Curtain Call Productions (1981-1985)
- Star Licks
- Sterling Home Entertainment
- Strand Releasing Home Video (1998-2001, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Studio Entertainment (1988-1990)
- Studio Home Entertainment (2000-2001)
- Stuttering Foundation of America (1996)
- Summit Media
- Sunburst Visual Media
- Sundance Channel Home Entertainment (2004) (In This World and Die Mommie Die!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Sunrise Productions, LLC
- Super Video Inc.
- Sylvan Learning Center (2002)
- Syme Home Video (Australia)
- Taunton Books & Video (1990)
- Teacher's Video Company
- Tempe Video (1997)
- Terra Entertainment
- Tesla Memorial Society
- TF1 Video (France)
- Third Coast Entertainment (1994)
- TLC Video (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- TM Books & Video
- TMW Media Group (2000)
- Today Home Entertainment (1986-1988)
- Together in the Harvest Ministries, Inc. (1999)
- Tommy Nelson
- Trans World Entertainment (1984-1989)
- Triboro Entertainment Group
- Tri-Line Entertainment (1996)
- Trinity Home Entertainment (2001)
- Trolley Car Record and Filmworks
- Troma Team Video (2001)
- TSR Inc. (1993)
- Tycoon Home Video (Mexico)
- Unicorn Video
- United Home Video (1984-1986)
- Urban Classics Video (1987-1988)
- UrbanWorks Entertainment (2002)
- USA Home Entertainment (2001-2002)
- VCI Entertainment
- VCII (this could possibly have shared its duplicator with Video Cassette X-Rated)
- Vidcrest
- The Video Bancorp
- Video Cassette Games, Inc. (1987)
- Video City Productions (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Video Classics (Australia) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Video Club of America
- Video Film Organization (UK) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Video Marketing Services
- Video Programme Distributors (UK) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- VideoTours (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Video Yesteryear
- Vidtape Inc.
- Voyager Entertainment
- Velocity Home Entertainment (2004-2005)
- ViaGrafix Corporation (1999)
- Vidco: The Video Company
- Video Collectibles Corporation
- Vision Factory (some copies of Embalmer)
- Visionsmiths
- Viva Video
- Voxcorp Inc. (2002)
- Walt Disney Home Entertainment (2004) (Toon Pals sampler tapes)
- Water Bearer Films
- Wellspring Media (1994-1999) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Wolfe Video
- Woodhaven Entertainment
- Word Ministry Resources
- World Video Pictures/Western World Video (1983-1989, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
- World Wrestling Entertainment Home Video (one duplicator from 1997-1999, and another from 2004-2005)
- Xebec Home Video
- YES! Entertainment Corporation (1993) (TV Teddy tapes)
- York Home Video/York Entertainment (1990-2004) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
- Young Generation Video
- Zane Entertainment Group
Distributors that likely self-duplicated
- Caballero Control Corporation
- Kartes Video Communications/KVC Home Video (1984-1993)
- Sinister Cinema
- Something Weird Video
- VCA Pictures
- Video Cassette X-Rated
- Video Warehouse, Inc.
Vertical Blanking Interval Tags from Other Unknown Duplicators
NOTE: Do NOT move any of these tags, even those where a duplicator has been possibly identified, until you can obtain concrete confirmation from other sources such as the individuals who originally captured the VBIs, via good pictures of the cassette proper at the relevant view or another method.
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Codes like this were used at the beginning and end of tapes by a few duplicators, such as a few tapes by Allied Digital Technologies and one known tape each from duplicators #33 and #97 mentioned above. There may be one duplicator that used codes like this, though.