Unknown duplicators

The following is a list of unknown duplicators. Once a duplicator in this list is identified, it should be removed from the list and a page should be created for it.

Duplicator numbers marked * are known to be Macrovision customers.

Duplicator #1

List of Known Customers

• Montgomery Ward
• Sylvan Learning Center
• Wet Cement Productions

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings like these for example:

10962138 29572 RUDOLPHS LESSONS

• Some tapes by this company also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end.

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

• PVS Corporate Services
• The Duplication Factory

Duplicator #2

List of Known Customers

• Columbia TriStar Home Video (1994) (as confirmed by one copy of a Really Wild Animals screening cassette)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being laid out like this for example:

PAL-200 MMM 17:25 04/25/94

T-140

• One tape by this duplicator has been known to have shuffling color bars at the end.

Duplicator #3

List of Known Customers

• Disney Institute (1997)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had printings, which were laid out like this for example:

4457-5 IP

Possible Candidates

• Tapes Unlimited Inc.

Duplicator #4

List of Known Customers

• Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
• Green Frog Productions, Ltd.
• OGR Publishing
• Palm Pictures (2004) (some copies of Demonlover)
• TBD, but it was the distributor of First Fun with French in North America

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were laid out like the following examples:

Example 1:

PT-45 EMT/HG 306 A102 0627 P.B.

Example 2:

T-120 SG/TO-NS A102 0624 P.B.

Example 3:

PT-75 BASF/HG 195 A100 0721 P.B.

Duplicator #5

List of Known Customers

• Teaching Tolerance (2005)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had a print date, with the printings being laid out like the following examples:

Example 1:

0905 T-40 2453

092205 13:34 3M AIM

Example 2:

1105 T-45 11056:09 JVC AIM

• 

  An example of what print dates on tapes from this duplicator looked like.

Possible Candidates

• AIMedia Solutions

Duplicator #6

List of Known Customers

• Family Home Entertainment (1990) (some copies of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles tapes sold through the Burger King Kids' Club)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

TMD-EP 15833 27842 12490

21A2 APRIL FOOLISH W/COMMERCIAL 22:15

• Some tapes from this duplicator also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end.
• As indicated by the aforementioned printings, this duplicator used thermal magnetic duplication systems from Otari.

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator look like. It may be hard to see in this particular scan.

Possible Candidates

• Producers Color Service Inc.
• Video Duplication Services Inc.

Duplicator #7

List of Known Customers

• Marathon Music & Video

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were laid out like this for example:

40 99

• 

Duplicator #8

List of Known Customers

• Bob Ross Inc.

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were laid out like the following example:

T-120 B/SHG 0285 C A298 0828 H.E

Possible Candidates

• Media Associates Inc.

Duplicator #9

List of Known Customers

• Children's Video of America, Inc.
• Family Films, Ltd.

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 48).
• Much like most tapes by Cassette Productions, some tapes by this duplicator also had a few extra seconds of black screen following the blank space at the tail end, accompanied by a rumbling sound in the linear track.

• 

Possible Candidates

• Cassette Duplicators Incorporated

Duplicator #10

List of Known Customers

• Crash Cinema
• Polartec

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:

10607

2400733

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #11

List of Known Customers

• Verizon (2001)
• WGBH (1996)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:

HSV

T-30

• 

Possible Candidates

• Coptech Digital

Duplicator #12

List of Known Customers

• Gaiam (2001)
• Wet Cement Productions Inc. (2001) (some copies of Ewe Know: Do EWE Sing?)
• World Wide Pictures Home Video

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings, like this for example:

ZAMPERINI 889088

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes from this duplicator looked like. Please note it may be a bit hard to see in this image.

• 

  On one known copy of Gaiam: Pilates Bodyband Workout by this duplicator, the VBI code looked something like this.

Duplicator #13*

List of Known Customers

• AIMS Multimedia
• Lightning Dubbs

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had a print date in dark ink, with the printings being laid out like this for example:

T-30 SI JUN 06 02 04 : 45 M A D E I N U S A

Duplicator #14

List of Known Customers

• A&M Video

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab (e.g. 5x47).
• Some other tapes by this duplicator also had dark printings on the left side of the tape (e.g. 170717).

• 

Possible Candidates

• Video Cassette Duplicating Corp.

Duplicator #15*

List of Known Customers

• Wide-Eyed Learning (2003)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had a number printed above the recording tab spot in white ink (e.g. 34).

• 

Duplicator #16

List of Known Customers

• Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like this for example:

T29 2

• 

Duplicator #17

List of Known Customers

• Baby Playtime, Inc. (2000)
• Chair Dancing International, Inc.
• EKA Productions (1997)
• Virgin Records America (2001)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings above the recording tab spot, like the following examples:

Example 1:

T31G0M

Example 2:

T21SAIM

• 

Duplicator #18

List of Known Customers

• Acorn Media (2004)
• Family Home Entertainment (2000) (some copies of Baby Shakespeare)
• Showtime Entertainment (2004)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink, like in the example shown in the below pictures.

• 
• 
• 

Duplicator #19

List of Known Customers

• Velocity Home Entertainment (2003)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed in white ink, like in the example shown in the below picture.

• 

Duplicator #20*

List of Known Customers

• Paramount Home Video (1990)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had information etched onto the tape guard, like this for example:

PAR

78

• 

  This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #21

List of Known Customers

• MCA/Universal Home Video (screener copies)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings beneath the face label, like this for example:

PURE LUCK

020664 03 0621

Possible Candidates

• Pioneer Video Manufacturing

Duplicator #22

List of Known Customers

• Cloud Ten Pictures (Canada)
• Sony Wonder (Canada) (2000)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:

HQ

T-40 3103032255 4

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #23

List of Known Customers

• Paulist Press
• Voltage Video

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company did not have any form of printing on the cassette, although some tapes were duplicated on cassettes manufactured by Fujifilm.

Duplicator #24

List of Known Customers

• GPN

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like these for example:

EMTEC 20780080

T-30

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #25

List of Known Customers

• KCTS Television

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette, nor do they have anything in the vertical blanking interval.
• Some tapes duplicated by this company may have the master visibly stopping at the end, followed by black screen.

Possible Candidates

• Premiere America Inc.

Duplicator #26

List of Known Customers

• Karen Pryor Clicker Training

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had white printings, which were laid out like the following example:

T-35 SG 693C C105 0727 H.M.

Duplicator #27

List of Known Customers

• The Bridgestone Group (1988)
• Multnomah Productions (1991)
• Omega Entertainment (1986)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had dark printings, which were laid out like the following example:

BS 040621

Duplicator #28

List of Known Customers

• Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (2005-2006) (demo tapes)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot in white ink, like in the example shown in the below picture.

• 

• Some tapes from this duplicator also had a silent white screen test pattern at the end.
• A few tapes from this duplicator also said "3M" in the printings.

Possible Candidates

• Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation

Duplicator #29

List of Known Customers

• Englewood Entertainment (1999)
• FUNimation Productions Inc. (2000)
• GPN
• VCI Home Video (2000, 2006)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had seven numbers engraved above the recording tab spot. Take a look at the following examples:

Example 1:

4351090

Example 2:

6038115

• One tape by this duplicator has also been known to have a silent white screen test pattern at the end.

Possible Candidates

• Audio-VideoGraphics, Inc.
• Video Services Group Inc.

Duplicator #30

List of Known Customers

• Oregon Public Broadcasting (1997)
• Palmer/Pletsch
• SyndHonda Cinema Productions (2002)

How to Tell

• Tapes from this duplicator had a two digit number printed in dark ink above the recording tab spot (e.g. 65), possibly indicating tape length.
• Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

• Northwestern Inc.

Duplicator #31

List of Known Customers

• Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (2001)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had yellow printings on the right side of the tape, like this for example:

10336

• One tape by this duplicator was known to have the static roll of death at the end.

• 

  This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #32

List of Known Customers

• Barron's Home Video
• General Mills (1995) ("Best Of" Seinfeld 100th Episode)
• Pearson Prentice Hall (some copies of World History Video Program series)
• Peter Pan Industries (1990s)
  • Parade Video (1990s)
• Sony Music Entertainment (1996-1998)
• Random House Home Video (some copies of The Berenstain Bears First Time Video series from Long John Silver's)
• Small Fry Productions

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the right side of the tape, like the following examples:

Example 1:

5324 1

Example 2:

286065

Example 3:

2 6061

• 

  Example #1 of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  Example #2 of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  Example #3 of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #33

List of Known Customers

• Warner Home Video (1994) (some copies of Dracula: A.D. 1972)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had a yellow sticker with information, a print date, and a barcode on it. The information and print date were laid out like this for example:

DRACULA A.D. (1972) WHV

0285337 V25100

09/29/94 S-3 P-X

113-01-7

Possible Candidates

• Technicolor Video Services

Duplicator #34

List of Known Customers

• Funimation Entertainment (2004) (some copies of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret Origins)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard, like this for example:

10 06

Duplicator #35

List of Known Customers

• 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK)
• Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (UK) (2002-2004)
• MGM Home Entertainment (UK)
• Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2002)
• Reader's Digest (UK)
• Universal Pictures (UK) (2002-2004)
• Video Collection International (UK) (2003)
• Walt Disney Home Video (Saudi Arabia) (2000-2003)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white or dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

2062737 E128 ICE AGE (RETAIL) 10373880

AL3 2909

• Some tapes by this duplicator also had five DTMF tones at the beginning of the tape, which sound similar to the DTMF tones used by Technicolor in Livonia, Michigan.

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #36

List of Known Customers

• Magnum Entertainment

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had an orange sticker next to the recording tab spot, which had information that was laid out like this for example:

114329

• Several tapes by this duplicator also had a few numbers printed in white on the bottom middle side, like the following examples:

Example 1:

1 60

Example 2:

6 105

Duplicator #37

List of Known Customers

• GPN

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings on the bottom middle side or the tape guard, like these for example:

T30 93342

Duplicator #38

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney Home Video (Mexico) (1996)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings, which were laid out like this for example:

01A1504 ALICIA EN EL PAIS DE LAS

T-080 27/02/96 02 0299 B MARAVILLAS

Possible Candidates

• Central de Video

Duplicator #39

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney Home Entertainment (Greece) (2002)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

105 AVE 2848

1385 2A

Duplicator #40

List of Known Customers

• CIC Video (UK) (1988)
• Warner Home Video (UK) (1990)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

E105 0202 CL1 BATTERIES NOT INCLUDED

Possible Candidates

• Rank Video Services

Duplicator #41

List of Known Customers

• MGM/UA Home Video (France) (1998)
• Universal Pictures (France) (2001)
• Warner Home Video (France) (2000)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

E132 557998 4 E 023 5P926

23H41

Duplicator #42

List of Known Customers

• 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (Belgium) (2002)
• Columbia TriStar Home Video (Germany) (2002)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had a barcode sticker on the tape guard. This barcode had 16 numbers. Below it, there was information that was laid out like this for example:

E83/E94/C/271202 3 02

Duplicator #43

List of Known Customers

• U.S. Renditions (1990-1994)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the spine, with a tape length (e.g. "T60", seen on any program duplicated on 60-minute tape) above the recording tab; not much is known about the printings on the spine as of yet, though one appears to be a date code (e.g. "081391", taken from a copy of Appleseed), and another, to its right, is a time code (e.g. "02:43", taken from a copy of Outlanders).
• Some tapes up to around 1992 did not have any printings at all.

Possible Candidates

• Crest Cassette Corporation

Duplicator #44*

List of Known Customers

• MCA/Universal Home Video (1994) (some copies of Beethoven's 2nd)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had information etched onto the right side of the tape, like this for example:

MCA-423-22837

• 

  This is an example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  This is what the VBI on tapes from this company was like, with the Macrovision signal in it.

Possible Candidates

• Premiere Video

Duplicator #45

List of Known Customers

• Campus Crusade for Christ International
• Sit and Be Fit

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had information in the vertical blanking interval, like the following examples:

Example 1:

WAC 3105

Example 2:

WAC 3001

• 

  An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Duplicator #46

List of Known Customers

• Blockbuster Video (1995)
• Children's Circle
• CVM (1996)
• Four Seasons Productions (2002)
• GMG Productions (2000)
• Weston Woods

How to Tell

• Most tapes duplicated by this company had a sticker on the side of the tape shell, with information on it like the following examples:

Example 1:

M5G9860

Example 2:

16F6872

• Some early tapes also had a number stamped in dark ink above the recording tab spot.
• Several later tapes had white printings like this for example:

T40-A

• Some tapes however, did not have any of these credentials.

• Tapes by this duplicator also had a date in the vertical blanking interval, accompanied by a clock. The information was laid out like the following examples:

Example 1:

8·04·91 [clock]

Example 2:

0·07·00 [clock]

Example 3:

2·17· [clock]

Example 4:

10·30·90 [clock]

• 

  An example of what the printings on early tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the printings on later tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the sticker on most tapes by this duplicator looked like. The color of the sticker varied by tape; this picture shows a light blue sticker.

• 

  An example of what the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  Another example of this duplicator's VBI code.

Duplicator #47

List of Known Customers

• Zondervan Video (1992)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
• Tapes duplicated by this company had four two-digit numbers in the vertical blanking interval which were separated by colons, like this for example:

36:35:45:13

• 

  An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Possible Candidates

• Allied Film & Video

Duplicator #48

List of Known Customers

• Chariot Video/David C. Cook Publishing Co.

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had the tape length printed above the recording tab spot, as well as a set of eight numbers printed in white on the back of the tape shell, like this for example:

40040211

Duplicator #49

List of Known Customers

• Braveworld Ltd. (UK) (1992)
• Castle Home Video (UK) (1999)
• Cinema Club (UK) (2002)
• Clear Vision Video (UK) (1995-2004)
• Contender Entertainment Group (UK) (2002-2003)
• Cromwell Productions Limited (UK) (2000)
• DD Video (UK)
• Feature Films for Families (UK)
• Fremantle Media (UK) (2002)
• ILC (UK)
• IVC Video Inc. (UK)
• Karussell (UK) (1996)
• Lace International Limited (UK) (1998)
• Maximum Entertainment (UK) (2004)
• Medusa Pictures (UK) (2002)
• M.I.A. Video (UK)
• Odyssey Video (UK) (2001)
• Pickwick Video (UK) (1992)
• PT Video (UK) (2000-2001)
• The Singing Machine (1993)
• Star Video Interactive Entertainment Ltd. (UK) (1997)
• Televideo (UK) (1997)
• Telstar Video Entertainment (UK) (1994)
• Tempo Video
• Tring Video (UK) (1995)
• Video Collection International (UK) (1999-2002)
• Warner Music Vision (UK) (1999)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a sticker with a date (or batch number in the case of some tapes), "VDC" and a job number. The color of the sticker varied by tape.

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a batch number. This picture shows an orange sticker.

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like with a date. This picture shows a green sticker.

Possible Candidates

• Video Duplicating Co. Ltd.

Duplicator #50

List of Known Customers

• RCA/Columbia Pictures International Video (UK) (1991)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had printings, like these for example:

E108 RVS/R A0803 LL

Duplicator #51

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of Flubber)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had white printings, like these for example:

FLUBBER BV 232 W/O BVH 630838

Duplicator #52

List of Known Customers

• Warner Home Video (1998) (UK) (some copies of L.A. Confidential)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a print date, with the printings being laid out like this for example:

                  02/11/98

WHV LA CONFIDENTIAL W/O W592851 R/T 142.11

Duplicator #53

List of Known Customers

• Hanna-Barbera Home Video (1990) (some copies of Hanna-Barbera Command Performance videos, and some others)
• The Maier Group (1990) (Inspector Gadget videos)
• National Geographic Society (1990)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company do not have any form of printing on the cassette.
• Tapes by this duplicator had a number on the left-hand side of the vertical blanking interval at the beginning of the tape (e.g. 02).

• 

  An example of the VBI code on tapes by this duplicator.

Possible Candidates

• Allied Film & Video

Duplicator #54

List of Known Customers

• MGM/UA Home Video

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had dark printings, like these for example:

T-88 E14799-8719

Duplicator #55

List of Known Customers

• National Geographic (2008) (Odzala: Islands in the Forest)

How to Tell

• On tapes by this company, the only form of printing was the tape length, which was printed in white above the recording tab spot.

• 
• 

  The VBI code on tapes by this company looked something like this. Take a look at this example.

Possible Candidates

• Allied Vaughn

Duplicator #56

List of Known Customers

• Interglobal Home Video

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had dark printings, like these for example:

T40USM AYMSRPM DHG-U-CMI1

• 

Duplicator #57

List of Known Customers

• 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
• CIC (UK) (1999)
• Paramount Home Entertainment (UK) (2001)
• Pathé (1998)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had white printings between an inked barcode, like these two examples:

Example 1:

10015807 [barcode]E83 DL4 2308 10015807

               RUGRATS - THE MOVIE

Example 2:

20049360 [barcode]E92 RUGRATS IN PARIS MOVIE 2 10232431

BL4 1708

• 
• 

Duplicator #58

List of Known Customers

• Green Frog Productions, Ltd.

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had white printings, like these for example:

T-75 ILYA FUJI 1

Duplicator #59

List of Known Customers

• Play Along (2002-2004)

How to Tell

• The only form of printing on tapes by this duplicator was PA, printed in white on the back of the cassette shell.

Duplicator #60

List of Known Customers

• The Baby Einstein Company (1999) (some pressings of Baby Bach)
• Paramount Home Video (some Columbia House Club pressings of Forrest Gump)
• PolyGram Video (1998) (some pressings of The Gingerbread Man)
• Tai Seng Video Marketing (1999) (some pressings of First Option)

How to Tell

• Look at the following pictures to see examples of what tapes by this duplicator had in the VBI at the beginning:

• 
• 

Possible Candidates

• Allied Digital Technologies

Duplicator #61

List of Known Customers

• Hemdale Home Video
• International Music Distributors (1996)
• Substance (1996)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had a print date, with the printings being laid out like the following examples:

Example 1:

12/12/95 09:54 T100 2GS

Example 2:

12/08/96 20:09 T110 2AA

Example 3:

12/05/97 11:36 T85 1 SKC

• One known tape by this duplicator has the recording tab intact.

• 

  An example of what print dates and the overall printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #62

List of Known Customers

• Advanced Hunting Equipment (1992) (some copies of Tree-Lounge Trophies)

How to Tell

• Some Advanced Hunting Equipment tapes by this duplicator say "FCV" in the bottom right corner of the label.

Duplicator #63

List of Known Customers

• A.D. Vision (1994) (some copies of Guy: Double Target)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had printings like these for example:

T-75    [1]    MAY,24.94        MADE IN U.S.A.
                   11:15

Duplicator #64

List of Known Customers

• AnimEigo (1994) (some copies of MADOX-01 and Riding Bean)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had upside-down printings like these for example:

U51S94WO34734

Duplicator #65

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney World (2003)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had dark printings like these for example:

MGR MAGIC 4PK

050404 0303 19116

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #66

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had dark printings like these for example:

E101 DER KÖNIG DER LÖWEN 79163

Duplicator #67

List of Known Customers

• Walt Disney Home Video (Germany)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had dark printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

85 644E

 1560

Duplicator #68

List of Known Customers

• Cabin Fever Entertainment (1989)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the bottom middle side. This sticker had black text like this for example:

042056.001    104709
  HANK WILLIAMS JR.:
   FULL ACCESS
 3878  08-25-89

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #69

List of Known Customers

• Quality Video

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard, like this for example:

B 19568

• Tapes by this duplicator do not have anything in the vertical blanking interval.

• 
• 

Duplicator #70

List of Known Customers

• Crest (2000) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had a dark ink stamp above the recording tab spot, which consists of text in a circle, like this for example:

DP010

Duplicator #71

List of Known Customers

• Crest (1993) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot like this for example:

MCNERNEY

9382-1

Duplicator #72

List of Known Customers

• Just Your Pal (1998)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like this for example:

HS T-30 2618

Duplicator #73

List of Known Customers

• A Couple 'A Cowboys (1991)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings like this for example:

T-47 27041X

• Next to the white printings, there was also a set of sideways dark printings like these for example:

CHIEF

8192

Duplicator #74

List of Known Customers

• Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1990-1991)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had a two-digit number printed in white on the bottom middle side (e.g. 65 or 75), possibly indicating tape length.

• 
• 

Duplicator #75

List of Known Customers

• Home Sweet Home Educational Media Co. (1988)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had a white sticker on the side of the tape shell. This sticker had black text like this for example:

36851#2

FOREVER FRIENDS

#04769

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #76

List of Known Customers

• BBC Video (UK) (1989)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a sticker with information printed like this for example:

P11 28786

20075

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like. This picture shows a green sticker.

Duplicator #77

List of Known Customers

• The Video Collection (UK) (1992)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:

2735

43257

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #78

List of Known Customers

• Thames Video Collection (UK) (1989)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had an orange sticker with information printed like this for example:

0893.Gk

• Some tapes by this duplicator also had white printings above the recording tab spot like these for example:

6 60

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #79

List of Known Customers

• VCI (UK)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:

X20·03·01

131543

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #80

List of Known Customers

• Stylus Video (UK) (1990)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a white sticker with information printed like this for example:

D123910

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #81

List of Known Customers

• Reader's Digest Video (UK)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had dark printings, which were laid out like this for example:

E40 H S DV87-346/3 001200I 0759242

• 

  An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

Duplicator #82

List of Known Customers

• Video Artists International

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had a white sticker on the left side of the tape shell, and said sticker had information printed like this for example:

TRUMPET KG

19941

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #83

List of Known Customers

• Interactive Learning Group (1999)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had printings above the recording tab spot or the bottom middle side, like these for example:

2192

Duplicator #84

List of Known Customers

• Cinéma Plus International

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side, like these for example:

K1022

• Tapes by this duplicator also had white printings on the right side of the tape shell, like these for example:

CP 1313

• Tapes by this duplicator also had a sticker on the tape guard with numbers on it, like this for example:

19253

• 

  An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the side printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #85

List of Known Customers

• Inside Country Music (1990)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side, like these for example:

T105 EG23A09002D 08 : 44 #53972

• Tapes by this duplicator also had a white stamping on the left side of the tape, like the example in the picture below next to a picture of the example of the dark printings.

• 

  An example of what the dark printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the white stamping on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #86

List of Known Customers

• Nancy's Notions, Ltd. (1996)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this company had the tape length printed in gold above the recording tab spot.
• One copy of Sewing with Nancy: Suede - Ultra Fun to Sew by this duplicator has been known to have shuffling color bars at the end.

• 

Duplicator #87

This information could possibly apply to more than one duplicator.

List of Known Customers

• Price/Stern/Sloan (1987)
• Valley of the Sun Video (1987)

How to Tell

• The only form of printing on tapes here is above the recording tab spot, where white printings appeared like the following examples:

Example 1:

T-30

TL88178

Example 2:

T-60

TL871193

• 

Duplicator #88

List of Known Customers

• Trinity Broadcasting Network

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab, like these for example:

T-95

19968

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #89*

List of Known Customers

• Public Media Home Vision (1995)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark or white printings on the left side of the tape shell, like these for example:

#3 55

• Tapes duplicated by this company also had a white sticker on the tape guard, with information printed on it like the following examples:

Example 1:

HERMITAGE PT. 1 1364002

Example 2:

HERMITAGE PT. 2 1364008

Example 1:

HERMITAGE PT. 3 1364014

• 

  An example of what the white printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  An example of what the white sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #90

List of Known Customers

• Lannan Foundation (1994)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings, like these for example:

NV-60MV 02067

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #91

List of Known Customers

• The Right Stuf International (1998)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

T-75

175

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #92

List of Known Customers

• Columbia TriStar Home Video (1992) (some copies of The Fisher King)

How to Tell

• Tapes by this duplicator had information in the vertical blanking interval, like this for example:

A179V1 1

• Copies of The Fisher King that were duplicated by this company also had information engraved on the side of the tape shell, like this for example:

CTV-227

• 

  An example of what the information in the vertical blanking interval on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #93

List of Known Customers

• MNTEX Entertainment (1991)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the bottom middle side, like these for example:

MXE5660 3-0714

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #94

List of Known Customers

• MNTEX Entertainment

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated by this company had dark printings on the tape guard, like these for example:

CE 6103

Duplicator #95

List of Known Customers

• Simitar Entertainment

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had upside-down white printings like these for example:

PT 22195

• 

  An example of what the printings on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #96

List of Known Customers

• METACOM (1992)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had a blue sticker under the face label, which had information like this for example:

CHRISTMAS CELE

481305 AU-TO

• One copy of Pavarotti, Domingo & friends sing A Christmas Celebration by this duplicator has been known to have the white screen test pattern with a 1000hz tone at the end, followed by a few seconds of black screen before the tape ends.

• 

  An example of what the blue sticker on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

• 

  On tapes by this duplicator, the BHCP codes were used in the vertical blanking interval.

Possible Candidates

• Central Video

Duplicator #97

List of Known Customers

• Simitar Entertainment

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had the tape speed (e.g. SP) enclosed in a circle, stamped in white on the side of the tape guard.

• 

  An example of what the white stamping on tapes by this duplicator looked like.

Duplicator #98

List of Known Customers

• MPI Home Video (1984)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had "PREM" engraved on the back of the tape shell. There was also a white stamping on the back as well.

• 

Possible Candidates

• Premiere Video

Duplicator #99

List of Known Customers

• Embassy Home Entertainment (1986)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had upside-down text engraved on the left side of the tape shell, like this for example:

EHP 60712

• 

Duplicator #100

List of Known Customers

• Anchor Bay Entertainment (1999) (some copies of One Magic Christmas)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had dark printings, like these for example:

01-14-4091

Duplicator #101

List of Known Customers

• Regal Home Video (1999)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

REGAL 0399

• 

Duplicator #102

List of Known Customers

• Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004)

How to Tell

• Tapes duplicated here had white printings above the recording tab spot, like these for example:

ABE-AB1326

• 

Other duplicators to be identified

There are still several duplicators that have yet to be identified, many of which their tapes did not have any kind of printing on the cassette, anything in the vertical blanking interval or anything at the end, not even following the static, and others which may simply not have any known specimens in the hands of the wiki's userbase. Here is a list of labels/distributors that have duplicated their tapes at such unknown companies, and the known periods of time they were the duplication companies' clients:

• 10th Ave. Video
• 100% Educational Videos
• 21st Genesis Home Video
• 3 Star Releasing
• 4 Star Home Video (1989)
• Abba Dabba Productions, LLC (2001)
• A Couple 'A Cowboys (1995) (Atmosfear: The Harbingers)
• Acclaim Entertainment Inc. (1987)
• AIMS Multimedia
• Allied Artists Classics (2002)
• Allied Artists Video (1994) (some copies of The Red Balloon)
• All Sports Entertainment, Inc. (1989)
• Anchor Bay Entertainment (2004-2006)
• AnimEigo (199?-1994)
• Anime Works
• APL International Inc. (1993-1994) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Ardustry Home Entertainment
• Artisan Home Entertainment (1999-2002, for a few tapes, such as some copies of "Alice in Wonderland," "Dinotopia," "Dune," "Lonesome Dove" and "The 10th Kingdom," although this could possibly be more than one duplicator)
• Artists Attack
• Artist View Entertainment
• The Asylum Home Entertainment
• Atlas Entertainment Corporation (1992)
• Avalanche Home Entertainment (1999-2000)
• Azteca Pictures
• Aztlan Media (some copies of Dos Camionetas Blindadas)
• Babyscapes, Inc.
• The Baby School Company, Inc. (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
• Barr Entertainment
• Benson Music Group (1993)
• Best Film and Video Corp. (some tapes)
• Big Top Video
• Blay Video/Embassy Home Entertainment (1981-1984)
• Brain Damage Films
• Blazing Arrow Entertainment (1998)
• The Brainy Baby Company, LLC.
• Brass Eagle, Inc. (some tapes)
• The Bridgestone Group (????-????)
  • Agapeland Home Video (????-????)
• Brentwood Home Video
• Brimstone Productions (1995)
• Burbank Video (1983-1989)
• Burning Moon Home Video
• Caballero Control Corporation
• Camp Video
• Cascom Home Video
• CBS Video Library (1981-1982)
• Cerebellum Corporation (2000, 2002) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Children's Television Workshop (some Shalom Sesame tapes) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Chronicle Videocassettes
• Cinema Home Video
• City Lights Home Video
• Classic Family Entertainment
• Colorado Division of Wildlife (1990)
• Columbia Music Video (1988-1992) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Comedy III Productions
• Comet Video
• Communications Diversified (1989)
• Complete Entertainment Inc.
• Connor Toy Corporation (1987)
• Crest (2003-2004) (Geena's Tremendous Tooth Adventure) (although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
• CRIZMAC Art and Cultural Education Materials, Inc. (2001)
• DAVAURA Inc. (1992)
• Davis/Panzer Productions
• Dead Alive Productions
• DEJ Productions (1998-1999, 2000)
• DG Distributors
• D.I.N. (Do it Now), Inc. (2001)
• Direct Source Special Products Inc.
• Direct Video (1988-1990)
• Dollywood (1995)
• Duratape, Inc.
• Early Advantage Programs for Children
• Easyriders Home Video (1995)
• Edde Entertainment
• Educational Products for Infancy, Inc. (1999-2004, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
• Elektra Entertainment
• El Matador (2003)
• EROS Collection
• EVG Digital Entertainment
• Excalibur Films
• Expanded Entertainment
• Extravaganza Productions (1993)
• Family Entertainment Network (1992)
• Family Home Entertainment (1990) (some copies of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles tapes sold through the Burger King Kids' Club)
• Fantasy Home Video (1986-1991)
• Fat Dog Productions
• First Look Home Entertainment (one duplicator from 1999-2000, another from 2001-2004, and yet another from 2005-2006)
• Film Threat Video
• Fisher Price (some Little People and Rescue Heroes tapes)
• Front Row Entertainment
• Fries Home Video (1989-1992)
• FUNimation Entertainment (1999-2000, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Futura Home Video (1995)
• Gameplan/Artranch (1994)
• Gameplan Video (2003)
• Gary Semics Motocross School, Inc.
• Gateway Learning Corporation (1998) (Hooked on Phonics Introductory Video)
• Gateway Films/Vision Video
• Gator Home Entertainment (2001-2004)
• Genius Products, Inc. (1999)
• Go Cat (1993)
• GoodTimes Home Video (some copies of Six Hours of Spurs and Saddles)
• Grandfather Reads LLC (1999)
• GRB Entertainment (some copies of War Dogs: America's Forgotten Heroes)
• Grindhouse Releasing (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Guthy Renker Video
• GWN Video
• Halestorm Entertainment (2003) (The R.M.)
• Hallmark Home Entertainment (1995) (the demo VHS of The Madness of King George)
• Hal Roach Studios
• Harmony Vision (1981-1983)
• Hemdale Home Video (1991-1995, although this could be the client of more than one duplicator)
• HIS Video
• Hollywood's Attic
• Hollywood Products
• Home Mission Board
• HPG Home Video
• HV Films (1999)
• Iguana Producciones (1996)
• Image Entertainment
• Image Home Video (1986)
• Indigo Entertainment, Inc.
• Interactive VCR Games
• International Multimedia Yearbooks
• Jeremiah Films
• JM Marketing
• John I. Bailey
• Jones Entertainment Group (1993)
• Karl Video Corporation (1981-1985)
• Kartes Video Communications/KVC Home Video (1984-1993)
• Kidmark, Inc.
• King World Direct
• Kino on Video (1989-1999; 2001-2003) (from 2001-2003, some tapes) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Kodak Video Programs
• LA Production Group
• LA Video Corporation
• Laguna Films
• Leucadia Family Films
  • Sandstar Family Entertainment
• Lightyear Entertainment (1993)
• Lobo Pictures
• Little Mammoth Media (1997)
• The Lyons Group (1988-1991) (although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Macrovision
• Madacy Entertainment Group (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
• Madison Square Garden Home Video
• Manhattan Entertainment (some tapes)
• Mark IV Pictures
• Marshmallow Media Group
• Mattel Games (1992) (Wayne's World VCR Board Game!)
• Maverick Entertainment (1998)
• Maxximum Pics Entertainment (2000)
• MCM Entertainment
• Media Blasters
• METACOM (1994)
• Michael Weise Productions (1997)
• MindStorm Productions
• Miramax Films (1993; 1999) (in 1993, the Academy screener cassette of Farewell My Concubine; in 1999, Shakespeare in the Classroom) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• MTI Home Video
• NBC (1994) (some Emmy screener tapes)
• NBR Enterprises
• New Horizons Home Video/New Concorde (1990-2005) (this could be possibly the client of more than one duplicator)
• NFL Films Video (1978-1984) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Nick Jr. (1997-1998) (Blue's Clues: Snacktime and Blue's Clues: Blue's ABC's (Special Teacher's Edition)) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
• Nikon
• Niles Entertainment (1978)
• Nintendo (1999) (Pikachu's Winter Vacation)
• The Nostalgia Merchant (1978-1981)
• NOW Video (1992)
• NPS Home Video
• O Entertainment (1999)
• Oregon Sports Network (2002)
• Pak Entertainment (1994)
• Pamplin Entertainment
• Panorama International
• Parade Video
• Parker Brothers (1985, 1987, 1993) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
• Paws & Play Games (1994)
• Peerless Films (1986)
• Planet Video (1982-1983)
• Platinum Disc Corporation (1998-2001; 2004-2005) (from 2004-2005, releases printed in the USA) (this could have possibly been the client of more than one duplicator at the time)
• Platinum Productions Inc.
• Playboy Home Video
• Playhouse Disney (Jojo's Circus Special Teacher's Edition and Little Einsteins: Climb Aboard and Get Ready to Explore!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• PM Entertainment Group Inc.
• Pressman (1986)
• Price/Stern/Sloan Video (1985-1989, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Private Screenings/Luna Video (1984-1990, although this could have been possibly been the client of more than one duplicator)
• Questar Home Video (1998) (some copies of The Great Sioux Uprising)
• Rabbit Ears Productions (1990-1991) (some tapes distributed by MCA Distributing Corporation/Uni Distribution Corporation)
• Radar Communications Inc. (2001)
• Rae Don Home Video (1988-1990, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Raven Releasing (1998)
• Raven Video (some copies of Scream the Wolf)
• Reel Gore Productions (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Replay Home Entertainment
• RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (some 1990-1991 demo tapes)
• RCA Victor Video (1992)
• Royal Sound Video Productions
• Rupicola VCR Games (1990)
• Saturn Productions, Inc.
• Schlessinger Media (2000) (some copies of Beowulf)
• SCI, Inc. (1999)
• SCI Productions
• Screen Media Films (2002-2003) (some copies of Looking for an Echo, Rock My World and Pete's Meteor) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Screen Pix Home Video
• Second City Video (1978)
• Sega of America
• SGE Home Video (1989-1991)
• Shadow Entertainment (some copies of Birthrite)
• Silver Lake Home Video (1995)
• Singing Babies Co. I, LLC. (2000)
• SISU Home Entertainment (some tapes)
• SkyRiver Films Alaska (1994)
• SlingShot Entertainment (2002)
• Something Weird Video
• SouthGate Entertainment (1989-1991)
• Spartan Home Entertainment
• Spectrum Films (1997-2000) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Spinmaker Video (1986-1988) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• SRO Video/Opening Night Productions/Curtain Call Productions (1981-1985)
• Star Classics
• Star Licks
• Sterling Home Entertainment
• Strand Releasing Home Video (1998-2001, although this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Studio Entertainment (1988-1990)
• Studio Home Entertainment (2000-2001)
• Stuttering Foundation of America (1996)
• Sunburst Visual Media
• Sundance Channel Home Entertainment (2004) (In This World and Die Mommie Die!) (this could possibly be the client of more than one duplicator)
• Sunrise Productions, LLC
• Super Video Inc.
• Sylvan Learning Center (2002)
• Taunton Books & Video (1990)
• Teacher's Video Company
• Tempe Video (1997)
• Terra Entertainment
• Tesla Memorial Society
• Third Coast Entertainment (1994)
• TM Books & Video
• TMW Media Group (2000)
• Today Home Entertainment (1986-1988)
• Together in the Harvest Ministries, Inc. (1999)
• Tommy Nelson
• Trans World Entertainment (1984-1989)
• Triboro Entertainment Group
• Tri-Line Entertainment (1996)
• Trinity Home Entertainment (2001)
• Troma Team Video (2001)
• TSR Inc. (1993)
• Unicorn Video
• United Home Video (1984-1986)
• Urban Classics Video (1987-1988)
• VCA Pictures
• VCI Entertainment
• VCII
• Vidcrest
• Video Cassette Games, Inc. (1987)
• Video Cassette X-Rated
• Video Club of America
• Video Yesteryear
• Vidtape Inc.
• Voyager Entertainment
• Velocity Home Entertainment (2004-2005)
• ViaGrafix Corporation (1999)
• Vidco: The Video Company
• Video Collectibles Corporation
• Vision Factory (some copies of Embalmer)
• Voxcorp Inc. (2002)
• Walt Disney Home Entertainment (2004) (Toon Pals sampler tapes)
• Water Bearer Films
• Wolfe Video
• Woodhaven Entertainment
• Word Ministry Resources
• WWE Home Video
• Xebec Home Video
• YES! Entertainment Corporation (1993) (TV Teddy tapes)
• York Home Video (1998)
• Young Generation Video

Vertical Blanking Interval Tags from Other Unknown Duplicators

NOTE: Do NOT move any of these tags, even those where a duplicator has been possibly identified, until you can obtain concrete confirmation from other sources such as the individuals who originally captured the VBIs, via good pictures of the cassette proper at the relevant view or another method.

• 
• 
• 

  Codes like this were used by a few duplicators, such as a few tapes by Allied Digital Technologies. There may be one duplicator that used codes like this, though.